Germiyano\u011fullar\u0131 Beyli\u011fi<\/p>\n
K\u00fctahya ve \u00e7evresinde h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f bir T\u00fcrk beyli\u011fi. Topraklar\u0131, do\u011fuda Afyonkarahisar ve Denizli, bat\u0131da Gediz ve Menderes v\u00e2dilerine kadar uzan\u0131rd\u0131. <\/p>\n
Germiyan, \u00f6nceleri T\u00fcrk a\u015firetlerinden birinin ad\u0131yken, Anadolu Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti’nin (1077-1307) son zamanlar\u0131nda, 1300 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulan Germiyano\u011fullar\u0131 Beyli\u011fine de ad oldu. Germiyan a\u015firetinin Anadolu\u2019ya ne zaman geldi\u011fi belli de\u011fildir. On \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u00fczy\u0131lda Malatya taraflar\u0131nda, Anadolu Sel\u00e7uklu Devletinin hizmetinde bulunuyorlard\u0131. Malatya\u2019da otururlarken, Germiyan a\u015firetinin ba\u015f\u0131ndaki Ali\u015firo\u011flu Muzaffer\u00fcddin, Sel\u00e7uklu H\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 \u0130kinci G\u0131y\u00e2sedd\u00een Keyh\u00fcsrev (1236-1246) zaman\u0131nda, Baba \u0130shak taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan sap\u0131k Baba\u00eeler isyan\u0131n\u0131 bast\u0131rmakla vazifelendirildi ise de, muvaffak olamad\u0131. Yine bu aileden ve Sel\u00e7uklu beylerinden Kerim\u00fcddin Ali\u015fir, Sel\u00e7uklu \u015fehzadeleri aras\u0131ndaki taht m\u00fccadelesine kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, Mo\u011follar taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Germiyanl\u0131lar, daha sonra Mo\u011follar\u0131n bask\u0131s\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden, K\u00fctahya taraf\u0131na g\u00f6\u00e7 ettiler. Buradayken ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in, Anadolu Sel\u00e7uklu sultan\u0131 \u0130kinci G\u0131y\u00e2seddin Mesud (1282-1305) ile Mo\u011follara kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele verdiler. <\/p>\n
Germiyano\u011fullar\u0131 Beyli\u011fini kuran Ker\u00eem\u00fcddin Ali\u015fir\u2019in o\u011flu Birinci Y\u00e2kub Bey, Anadolu Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti beylerinden iken, 14. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren Sel\u00e7uklulardan ayr\u0131l\u0131p, Mo\u011follarla m\u00fccadele edemeyece\u011finden, onlar\u0131n h\u00e2kimiyetine girdi. Y\u00e2kub Beyin idaresindeki Germiyano\u011fullar\u0131 Beyli\u011fi, o zaman Anadolu\u2019da kurulan beyliklerin en kuvvetlilerinden olup, Bizansl\u0131lardan her y\u0131l belli bir vergi ve hediyeler al\u0131yorlard\u0131. Y\u00e2kub Beyin, Ayd\u0131no\u011flu Mehmed Bey kumandas\u0131nda Ege sahillerine g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi Germiyanl\u0131 ordusu, Bizansl\u0131lardan Ayaslu\u011f (Sel\u00e7uk) ve Birgi\u2019yi ald\u0131 ve bu y\u00f6rede Ayd\u0131no\u011fullar\u0131 Beyli\u011fi’ni kurdu. Y\u00e2kub Bey, 1305\u2019te Menderes Irma\u011f\u0131 kenar\u0131ndaki Tripolis (Buldan kasabas\u0131 do\u011fusunda, Yenice yak\u0131n\u0131nda) \u015fehrini al\u0131p, 12.000 piyade ve 8000 s\u00fcvari ile 1306\u2019da Ala\u015fehir\u2019i ku\u015fatt\u0131. Bizansl\u0131lar, \u0130spanya\u2019dan getirtmi\u015f olduklar\u0131, Katalan birliklerini Ala\u015fehir\u2019deki T\u00fcrk kuvvetleri \u00fczerine g\u00f6nderince, Germiyanl\u0131lar ku\u015fatmay\u0131 kald\u0131rd\u0131lar. Fakat \u015fehir, 1314 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Y\u00e2kub Bey taraf\u0131ndan al\u0131n\u0131p, haraca ba\u011fland\u0131. Rumlardan al\u0131nan cizye, K\u00fctahya\u2019da yapt\u0131r\u0131lan V\u00e2cidiye Medresesinin ihtiyac\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k tutuldu. Y\u00e2kub Beyin 1340\u2019ta vefat\u0131 \u00fczerine, yerine o\u011flu Mehmed Bey ge\u00e7ti. Bunun ilk zamanlar\u0131nda Bizansl\u0131lar, Katalanlar vas\u0131tas\u0131yla, Kula ve Simav\u2019\u0131 Germiyanl\u0131lardan ald\u0131larsa da, Mehmed Bey buralar\u0131 yeniden topraklar\u0131na katmaya muvaffak oldu. <\/p>\n
Mehmed Beyin vefat tarihi kesin belli olmay\u0131p 1361 olarak tahmin olunmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra yerine S\u00fcleyman \u015eah ge\u00e7ti. S\u00fcleyman \u015eah\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ilk y\u0131llar\u0131 durgun ge\u00e7ti. Karamanl\u0131lar ile Hamido\u011fullar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki m\u00fccadelede; Hamido\u011fullar\u0131ndan (1301-1423) \u0130lyas Beyin taraf\u0131n\u0131 tutmas\u0131, Karamanl\u0131lar ile aras\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131na sebep oldu. S\u00fcleyman \u015eah, Karamanl\u0131lar\u0131n bask\u0131s\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, H\u0131ristiyanlarla m\u00fccadelede b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015far\u0131 sa\u011flayan ve s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletmekte olan Osmanl\u0131lar ile anla\u015fmak istedi. Germiyanl\u0131 \u0130sl\u00e2m \u00e2limi \u0130shak Fakih ve beraberindeki heyet, y\u00fcksek hediyeler ile Osmanl\u0131 H\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Mur\u00e2d H\u00fcd\u00e2vendig\u00e2r G\u00e2zi’nin (1360-1389) huzuruna g\u00f6nderilip; S\u00fcleyman \u015eah, k\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 \u015eehzadesi Bayezid\u2019e vermeyi ve \u00e7ehiz olarak da, K\u00fctahya ile beraber Simav, E\u011friboz (Emet) ve Tav\u015fanl\u0131\u2019y\u0131 Osmanl\u0131lara teklif etti. Germiyanl\u0131lar\u0131n teklifi kabul edilip, d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn yap\u0131ld\u0131. S\u00fcleyman \u015eah, Kula kasabas\u0131na \u00e7ekildi. Sultan Murad H\u00fcd\u00e2vendig\u00e2r\u2019\u0131n o\u011flu \u015eehzade Bayezid de Osmanl\u0131 sanca\u011f\u0131 h\u00e2line getirilen K\u00fctahya \u015fehrine geldi. <\/p>\n
S\u00fcleyman \u015eah\u0131n 1387\u2019de vefat\u0131yla, o\u011fullar\u0131ndan Y\u00e2kub, Germiyanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 oldu. \u0130kinci Y\u00e2kub Bey, Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n Ha\u00e7l\u0131larla yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131, 1389 Birinci Kosova Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda, Sultan Murad G\u00e2zi \u015fehid edilince, f\u0131rsattan istifade edip Osmanl\u0131lara b\u0131rak\u0131lan topraklar\u0131 geri almak istedi. Rumeli\u2019deki durumu d\u00fczelttikten sonra Anadolu\u2019ya ge\u00e7en, yeni h\u00fck\u00fcmdar Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezid Han (1389-1402), K\u00fctahya taraflar\u0131na geldi. Kendisine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan \u0130kinci Y\u00e2kub Bey ve Suba\u015f\u0131 Hisar Beyi yakalat\u0131p, Rumeli\u2019deki \u0130psala Kalesine hapsettirdi. Germiyano\u011fullar\u0131 topraklar\u0131n\u0131 da Osmanl\u0131 \u00fclkesine katt\u0131 (1390). \u0130kinci Y\u00e2kub Bey, \u0130psala Kalesinde dokuz y\u0131l hapis kald\u0131ktan sonra, 1399 y\u0131l\u0131nda bir f\u0131rsat\u0131n\u0131 bulup ka\u00e7t\u0131. K\u0131yafet de\u011fi\u015ftirerek, deniz yoluyla Suriye\u2019ye, oradan da, Timurlular Devleti’nin (1370-1506) Sultan\u0131 Timur Han’\u0131n (1370-1405) yan\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131. Ankara Sava\u015f\u0131’nda (1402), Osmanl\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 Timur Han\u0131n saf\u0131nda sava\u015ft\u0131. Sava\u015f sonunda Timur, eski Germiyanl\u0131 \u00fclkesini \u0130kinci Y\u00e2kub Beye verdi. <\/p>\n
\u0130kinci Y\u00e2kub Bey, Osmanl\u0131 \u015fehzadeleri aras\u0131ndaki taht m\u00fccadelelerinde, ye\u011feni \u00c7elebi Mehmed taraf\u0131n\u0131 tuttu. Bu yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 benimsemeyen Karamano\u011flu Mehmed Bey, iki y\u0131l \u00fcst \u00fcste d\u00fczenledi\u011fi seferler ile K\u00fctahya\u2019y\u0131 zaptedip, Germiyan \u00fclkesine sahip oldu (1411). Karamano\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n, Germiyan \u00fclkesine h\u00e2kimiyetleri iki bu\u00e7uk y\u0131l kadar s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Osmanl\u0131 Sultan\u0131 \u00c7elebi Mehmed, Rumeli\u2019de karde\u015fi Musa\u2019y\u0131 bertaraf ettikten sonra, Karamano\u011fullar\u0131 \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcyerek, onlar\u0131 Konya\u2019ya kadar s\u00fcrd\u00fc. \u00c7elebi Mehmed, b\u00f6ylece h\u00e2kim oldu\u011fu Germiyan topraklar\u0131n\u0131 yine, dostu ve m\u00fcttefiki olan \u0130kinci Y\u00e2kub Beye devretti (1414). <\/p>\n
Osmanl\u0131 Sultan\u0131 \u00c7elebi Mehmed\u2019in vefat\u0131yla yerine ge\u00e7en \u0130kinci Murad Han’a (1421-1451) kar\u015f\u0131, Karamanl\u0131larla beraber Y\u00e2kub Bey de \u015eehzade Mustafa Bey taraf\u0131n\u0131 tuttu. Mustafa \u00c7elebi\u2019nin, \u0130kinci Murad Hana yenilip, \u0130znik\u2019te \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesinden (1423) sonra, Y\u00e2kub Bey, Osmanl\u0131larla dost ge\u00e7inmeyi tercih etti. 1428\u2019de Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n payitaht\u0131 Edirne\u2019ye bizzat giderek, \u0130kinci Murad Han ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Osmanl\u0131lardan \u00e7ok h\u00fcrmet g\u00f6r\u00fcp, o\u011flu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra \u00fclkesini Sultan\u2019a b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vasiyet edip, K\u00fctahya\u2019ya d\u00f6nd\u00fc. 1429\u2019da vefat\u0131yla, Germiyano\u011fullar\u0131 beyli\u011fi sona erip, topraklar\u0131, Osmanl\u0131lara kald\u0131. K\u00fctahya ve Afyonkarahisar sancak h\u00e2line getirildi. K\u00fctahya \u00f6nce \u015fehzadeler, sonra da Anadolu beylerbeyli\u011finin merkezi olarak Osmanl\u0131larca te\u015fkil\u00e2tland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. <\/p>\n
K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Medeniyet <\/p>\n
Germiyano\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n te\u015fkilat\u0131, hemen hemen b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklular ve Anadolu Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131 te\u015fkil\u00e2t\u0131n\u0131n devam\u0131 h\u00e2lindeydi. Germiyan toplulu\u011funun ba\u015f\u0131nda Ali\u015fir ailesi hakimiyet kurmu\u015ftu ve beylik merkezden idare edilmekteydi. H\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n saray\u0131, yaln\u0131z sultan\u0131n ikametine ait bir kurulu\u015f olarak de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda devletin idare edildi\u011fi yer olarak kullan\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. Germiyano\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n bir d\u00eev\u00e2n\u0131 vard\u0131 ve bu d\u00eev\u00e2nda emirler, vezirler, kad\u0131lar ve ni\u015fanc\u0131 bulunmaktayd\u0131. <\/p>\n
Germiyano\u011fullar\u0131nda toprak sistemi, daha sonra Osmanl\u0131larda geli\u015fmi\u015f \u015fekliyle g\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi gibi timar, vak\u0131f ve m\u00fclk olarak tatbik edilmekteydi. <\/p>\n
Germiyan beyli\u011finin kurucusu Birinci Y\u00e2kub Bey devri (1300-1340), beyli\u011fin en kuvvetli oldu\u011fu bir zamand\u0131. Bu devirde iktisat ve i\u00e7tima\u00ee hayat da buna paralel olarak, ileriydi. Y\u00e2kub Beyin hazineleri, konaklar\u0131n\u0131n mevcudiyeti, sosyal ve ekonomik hayat\u0131 g\u00f6steren \u00f6nemli \u00f6rneklerdendir. Bu devirde Germiyanl\u0131lar\u0131n m\u00fckemmel bir ordusu olup, askerleri tam te\u00e7hizatl\u0131yd\u0131. Germiyan Beyli\u011fine, Bizans’tan her y\u0131l 100.000 dinar ve k\u0131ymetli e\u015fyalar hediye olarak gelmekteydi. <\/p>\n
Germiyano\u011fullar\u0131 zaman\u0131nda, edeb\u00ee ve ilm\u00ee fa\u00e2liyet \u00e7ok canl\u0131 bir durumdayd\u0131. \u015eeyho\u011flu Mustafa, \u015eeyh\u00ee Sinan, Ahmed\u00ee ve Ahmed-i D\u00e2\u00ee gibi m\u00fcellifler dil ve fikir s\u00e2has\u0131nda pek \u00e7ok eser vermi\u015flerdir (Bkz. T\u00fcrk Edebiyat\u0131). Bunlar\u0131n yan\u0131s\u0131ra Molla Abd\u00fclv\u00e2cid ve \u0130shak Fakih gibi ilim adamlar\u0131 da yeti\u015fmi\u015ftir. Germiyano\u011fullar\u0131 zaman\u0131nda, K\u00fctahya\u2019da ilm\u00ee tedris\u00e2t yapan V\u00e2cidiye Medresesi, \u0130kinci Y\u00e2kub Bey Medresesi ve \u0130shak Fakih Medresesi vard\u0131. V\u00e2cidiye Medresesinde d\u00een\u00ee ilimlerin yan\u0131nda fen ve astronomi gibi ilimlerin de okutuldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Germiyan Beyli\u011finde hizmet g\u00f6ren ilim ve fikir adamlar\u0131, Germiyan ilinin Osmanl\u0131lara ge\u00e7mesi \u00fczerine, Osmanl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan da himaye edilmi\u015flerdir. Bunlar\u0131n ilm\u00ee ve edeb\u00ee sahada pek \u00e7ok eserler v\u00fccuda getirmeleri temin edilmi\u015ftir. Germiyan beyleri, ilim ve fikir adamlar\u0131n\u0131 korumu\u015flar, onlara y\u00fcksek de\u011fer vererek ilmin ve fikrin geli\u015fmesine hizmet etmi\u015flerdir. <\/p>\n
Germiyan \u00fclkesinde, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve sosyal hayatla beraber, ekonomi de y\u00fcksek bir seviyedeydi. \u201cGermiyan kuma\u015flar\u0131\u201d ad\u0131yla me\u015fhur dokumalar, b\u00fct\u00fcn Anadolu\u2019da tan\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131. Denizli\u2019nin \u201cAk alemli\u201d kuma\u015f\u0131ndan da hil\u2019at ve \u00fcst elbisesi yap\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Germiyanl\u0131 sar\u0131kl\u0131k bezleri me\u015fhur olup, Osmanl\u0131 sultanlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na sard\u0131\u011f\u0131 kavuklarda bile kullan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. \u00c7ok dayan\u0131kl\u0131 atlar yeti\u015ftirirlerdi. Menderes Irma\u011f\u0131 vas\u0131tas\u0131yla, Ege Denizi limanlar\u0131na ticaret mallar\u0131 ve K\u00fctahya \u015fap madeni naklederlerdi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Germiyano\u011fullar\u0131 Beyli\u011fi K\u00fctahya ve \u00e7evresinde h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f bir T\u00fcrk beyli\u011fi. Topraklar\u0131, do\u011fuda Afyonkarahisar ve Denizli, bat\u0131da Gediz ve Menderes v\u00e2dilerine kadar uzan\u0131rd\u0131. Germiyan, \u00f6nceleri T\u00fcrk a\u015firetlerinden birinin ad\u0131yken, Anadolu Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti’nin (1077-1307) son zamanlar\u0131nda, 1300 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulan Germiyano\u011fullar\u0131 Beyli\u011fine de ad oldu. Germiyan a\u015firetinin Anadolu\u2019ya ne zaman geldi\u011fi belli de\u011fildir. On \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u00fczy\u0131lda Malatya taraflar\u0131nda, …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1403,1406],"tags":[1459,1881,1843,266,1882],"class_list":["post-612","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-odevler","category-sosyal-bilgiler-odevleri","tag-anadolu-selcuklu-devleti","tag-germiyanogullari-beyligi","tag-malatya","tag-mogollar","tag-murad-hudavendigar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/612","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=612"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/612\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=612"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=612"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=612"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}