X \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonunda R\u00f6ntgen taraf\u0131ndan bulundu . Bu \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar havas\u0131 bo\u015falt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f lambalar\u0131n (Crookes lambas\u0131 , akkor katotlu lambalar vb .) d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda da yay\u0131l\u0131rlar . Ampul y\u00fczeyinin katot \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131yla bombard\u0131man edilen k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131nda meydana gelirler . R\u00f6ntgen buldu\u011fu bu \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 bilmedi\u011finden bunlara X ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi . X \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 yayg\u0131n olarak x \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 t\u00fcplerinde ve son zamanlarda b\u00fcy\u00fck h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131larda (senkrotron \u0131\u015f\u0131mas\u0131) \u00fcretilmektedir . Bunlar,\u00f6zellikle madde i\u00e7ine girme \u00f6zellikleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan kullan\u0131l\u0131r .<\/p>\n
X I\u015eINLARININ YAPISI:<\/p>\n
X \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131k \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131yla ayn\u0131 \u00f6zelliktedir,fakat frekanslar\u0131 daha b\u00fcy\u00fck olan elektromagnetik \u0131\u015f\u0131malard\u0131r . Dalga boylar\u0131 mor \u00f6tesi \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131ndan daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fcr ve 0.03 ile 20 angstr\u00f6m aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fir . X \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 1912\u2019de alman fizik\u00e7isi Von Laue tespit etti;bu ama\u00e7la billur bir lam yard\u0131m\u0131yla X \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131r\u0131n\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi;bu deney ayn\u0131 zamanda, billurlar i\u00e7in a\u011f bi\u00e7iminde kafesli bir yap\u0131y\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6ren Bravais teorisinin de do\u011frulanmas\u0131na yarad\u0131 . Bunu izleyen y\u0131llarda,X \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n tayflar\u0131ndan yararlanarak baba ve o\u011ful Bragg\u2019lar ve frans\u0131z Maurice de Broglie pek \u00e7ok \u00f6l\u00e7me yapt\u0131lar . <\/p>\n
X I\u015eINLARININ \u00dcRET\u0130LMES\u0130:<\/p>\n
Normal \u0131\u015f\u0131k gibi X \u0131\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 da ,atomun bir elektronunun bir halden daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck enerjili bir ba\u015fka hale hale kuvantal bir ge\u00e7i\u015f yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir atom s\u00fcrecinden kaynaklan\u0131r . Tek fark ilgili elektronun enerji d\u00fczeyleri s\u0131ralamas\u0131ndaki konumundan ileri gelir: g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr \u0131\u015f\u0131k yay\u0131m\u0131ndan sorumlu elektronlar\u0131n , atom \u00e7ekirde\u011fine zay\u0131f bir \u015fekilde ba\u011fl\u0131 d\u0131\u015f elektronlar olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, X \u0131\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 yay\u0131m\u0131nda, atom \u00e7ekirde\u011fine \u00e7ok kuvvetli bir \u015fekilde ba\u011fl\u0131 i\u00e7 elektronlar s\u00f6z konusu olur .
\n X \u0131\u015f\u0131nl\u0131 bir lamba,bir elektron kayna\u011f\u0131 (katot),bu elektronlar\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 bir d\u00fczenek ve elektronlar\u0131 frenliyerek X \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 yay\u0131m kayna\u011f\u0131 vazifesi g\u00f6ren madeni bir engel veya bir antikatotu bulunan bas\u0131nc\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f bir kaptan meydana gelir . Eskiden Crookes lambas\u0131 veya so\u011fuk anotlu lamba kullan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131;bug\u00fcn Coolidge lambas\u0131ndan veya s\u0131cak anotlu lambadan yararlan\u0131l\u0131r . Bu lamba,i\u00e7 bas\u0131nc\u0131 s\u0131f\u0131r olan bir cam ampuld\u00fcr . Elektronlar,u\u00e7lar\u0131na \u0131s\u0131tma devresi ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f bir tungsten filamandan yay\u0131l\u0131r . Elektron demetinin yo\u011funlu\u011fu filaman\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla orant\u0131l\u0131 olarak artar . Serbest elektronlara yeterli h\u0131z\u0131 verebilmek i\u00e7in filaman\u0131n \u00e7evresine mutlak de\u011feri b\u00fcy\u00fck,negatif gerilim ta\u015f\u0131yan bir silindir ge\u00e7irilir . Ve b\u00fct\u00fcn donat\u0131m bir elektron tabancas\u0131 meydana getirir . Antikatot, tungstenden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f i\u00e7i oyuk bir k\u00fctledir ve su ile so\u011futulur;filaman\u0131n bir sm yak\u0131n\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve bir y\u00fcksek gerilim kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n pozitif k\u0131sm\u0131na ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r . Katotun yayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 elektronlar h\u0131zland\u0131rma potansiyeli katot ile anota do\u011fru h\u0131zlanarak hedef metale \u00e7arparlar . Hedef metal (anot) yumu\u015fak yap\u0131da bir metalden olu\u015fturuldu\u011fu i\u00e7in \u00e7arpan bu elektronlar metale g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fcrler yani yava\u015flar . Ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen bu olaylar sonucunda elektronlara b\u00fcy\u00fck bir negatif ivme verilmi\u015f olur . Elektronlar bu negatif ivme sonucunda durur ve dururken kaybetti\u011fi kinetik enerji ivmelenme b\u00f6lgesinden X \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 olarak yay\u0131l\u0131r . Bir ba\u015fka \u015fekilde elektriksel bir uyar\u0131lmayla atom \u00e7ekirde\u011fine \u00e7ok kuvvetli bir \u015fekilde ba\u011fl\u0131 olan i\u00e7 elektronlardan biri ilk halin d\u0131\u015f\u0131na f\u0131rlat\u0131l\u0131r . Atom elektronlar\u0131n\u0131n elektron durumlar\u0131nda olu\u015fan bu \u201cbo\u015fluk\u201d yine i\u00e7te bulunan ama \u00e7ekirde\u011fe daha zay\u0131f ba\u011fl\u0131 bir ba\u015fka elektronun bu \u201cbo\u015f\u201d duruma ge\u00e7i\u015fiyle doldurulur .Bu iki d\u00fczey aras\u0131ndaki enerji fark\u0131 bir foton bi\u00e7iminde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar . \u0130\u015fe kar\u0131\u015fan enerjinin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu fotonun,g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr fotonlardan 10.000 kez daha fazla enerjiye sahip oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r . v frekans\u0131n\u0131 fotonun E enerjisine ba\u011flayan (Planck sabiti h arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla) temel ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131 E=h.v=h.c\/X fotonlar\u0131n\u0131n angstr\u00f6m d\u00fczeyinde dalga boylar\u0131na denk d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6sterir .\u00dcretilen X \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131,10 mikron kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda al\u00fcminyum yaprakla \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc bir a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131kar . Debi,filaman\u0131n \u0131s\u0131tma ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmekle ayarlan\u0131r . Her elektron anota \u00e7arp\u0131p duruncaya kadar bir X \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 dalgas\u0131 yay\u0131laca\u011f\u0131ndan X \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n periyodu elektronlar\u0131n durma s\u00fcresine e\u015fittir . <\/p>\n
GAZLARDAK\u0130 I\u015eIMA,DOZ TAY\u0130N\u0130:<\/p>\n
X \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 i\u00e7inden ge\u00e7tikleri gazlar\u0131 iyonla\u015ft\u0131rma \u00f6zelli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131r . X \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n deteksiyonu ve \u015fiddetinin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilmesi i\u00e7in bu \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar biri alt\u0131n yaprakl\u0131 bir elektroskoba ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f iki tablas\u0131 bulunan gaz dolu bir kaptan,yani iyonla\u015fma odas\u0131ndan ge\u00e7irilir . Elektroskop yapraklar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f h\u0131z\u0131 iyonla\u015fma derecesini ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bununla orant\u0131l\u0131 olan \u0131\u015f\u0131ma \u015fiddetini \u00f6l\u00e7er . Bu \u015fiddet r\u00f6ntgen cinsinden de\u011ferlendirilir .<\/p>\n
X I\u015eINLARININ N\u00dcFUZ ETME \u00d6ZELL\u0130\u011e\u0130:<\/p>\n
Bir X \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 demeti saydam olmayan bir cisimden ge\u00e7erken , yava\u015f yava\u015f enerjisini b\u0131rak\u0131r . So\u011furulan enerji ge\u00e7ilen kal\u0131nl\u0131kla artar ; enerji kayb\u0131 , \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 dalga uzunlu\u011funun (dalga boyu k\u0131sa \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar daha \u00e7ok n\u00fcfuz edebilir ) ve ge\u00e7ilen eleman\u0131n atom numaras\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fcp\u00fc ile ( a\u011f\u0131r elementler daha \u00e7ok enerji yutar ) do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. E\u011fer s\u00f6z konusu elementin so\u011furma tayf\u0131 incelenirse , dalga boyunun baz\u0131 de\u011ferleri i\u00e7in ani de\u011fi\u015fimlere u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr . Bu \u00f6zel de\u011ferler, atom \u00e7ekirde\u011fini \u00e7evreleyen farkl\u0131 elektronlar\u0131n enerji seviyeleri ile ilgilidir. Bu sebeple , X \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n tayflar\u0131 incelenerek atomlar\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131 kesinlikle tespit edilebilir .<\/p>\n
X I\u015eINLARININ TEMEL \u00d6ZELL\u0130KLER\u0130:<\/p>\n
1.Yay\u0131lma h\u0131z\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131k h\u0131z\u0131d\u0131r .
\n2.Elektronlar\u0131n yava\u015flama s\u00fcresi \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fcr .Bu y\u00fczden X \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n frekans\u0131 \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr.
\n3.Dalga boylar\u0131 \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr.(Yakla\u015f\u0131k 1 angstr\u00f6m )
\n4.X \u0131\u015f\u0131n fotonlar\u0131n\u0131n enerjileri \u00e7ok y\u00fcksektir.
\n5.Gazlar\u0131 yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131rlar .
\n6.Saydam olmayan maddelerden ge\u00e7ebilirler . Kur\u015fun levhalarca tutulabilirler.<\/p>\n
TIBB\u0130 UYGULAMALAR:<\/p>\n
Maddenin i\u00e7ine i\u015fleme kabiliyetleri fazla oldu\u011fu ve \u00e7e\u015fitli organik maddeler taraf\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde so\u011furuldu\u011fu i\u00e7in X \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n t\u0131pta \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli uygulamalar\u0131 vard\u0131r;\u00f6zelikle insan v\u00fccudunun incelenmesinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r . Ayr\u0131ca X \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n canl\u0131 dokular \u00fczerindeki biyolojik etkilerinden yararlan\u0131l\u0131r . Bu tedavi,ya yok etme (t\u00fcm\u00f6r ve yeni olu\u015fumlarda ) veya a\u011fr\u0131l\u0131 ve ilt\u0131habl\u0131 baz\u0131 geli\u015fmeleri de\u011fi\u015ftirme ( kan \u00e7iban\u0131 , bez ilt\u0131hab\u0131 , siyatik vb. ) \u015feklinde yap\u0131l\u0131r.
\n X \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n Kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Baz\u0131 Alanlar:
\n RADYOSKOP\u0130: Fluoresan bir ekran yard\u0131m\u0131yla bir organ veya cismin X \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131yla muayenesidir . Radyoskopi,baryum platinosiyan\u00fcr veya tungstenle fluoresan hale getirilmi\u015f bir ekran \u00fcst\u00fcnde X \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n meydana getirdi\u011fi g\u00f6lgelerin incelenmesidir. Radyoskopi,b\u00fct\u00fcn v\u00fccudun s\u00fcratle muayenesini,her duru\u015f \u015feklinde ve her a\u00e7\u0131dan organlar\u0131n incelenmesini sa\u011flar .
\n RADYOGRAF\u0130: Yaln\u0131z X \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7iren bir kutudaki hassas bir film \u00fczerinde X \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n iz b\u0131rakmas\u0131 ve bu \u00f6zellikten <\/p>\n
faydalanarak resim \u00e7ekilmesidir . (Bu i\u015f i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan kutu al\u00fcminyum gibi hafif bir madenden yap\u0131l\u0131r ).
\nRadyografi,i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan r\u00f6ntgen filmi genellikle X \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n etkisiyle fluor\u0131\u015f\u0131l hale gelen iki levha aras\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilir . Bu levhalar X \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n etkisini fazlas\u0131yla artt\u0131r\u0131r ve poz s\u00fcresinin k\u0131salt\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar . Radyografi akci\u011fer hava peteklerinde bulunan havan\u0131n sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kontrast sayesinde \u00f6zel bir haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011fa ihtiya\u00e7 duymadan g\u00f6\u011fs\u00fcn ve kalbin g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerini verir . Kalsiyumla y\u00fckl\u00fc olan iskelet Radyografide \u00e7ok iyi belirir,i\u00e7inde fazlaca kalsiyum tuzu bulunan anormal olu\u015fumlar da (b\u00f6brek ve safra ta\u015f\u0131,kire\u00e7lenmi\u015f lenf d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fc vb.) \u00e7ok iyi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr .
\nRADYOMETALOGRAF\u0130: Madeni par\u00e7alar\u0131n bile\u015fimini veya yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 bozmadan incelemeye yarayan radyografidir .
\nT\u0131bbi radyografi ile ayn\u0131 fizik ilkeler \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015ftur . Gerek kimyasal bile\u015fim de\u011fi\u015fikliklerini,gerek madenin i\u00e7 yap\u0131s\u0131ndaki kusurlar\u0131 meydana \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in madeni bir par\u00e7an\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n X \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 farkl\u0131 \u015fekilde so\u011furmas\u0131 \u00f6zelli\u011finden yararlan\u0131l\u0131r . \u00d6zellikle X \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 daha az so\u011furarak film \u00fczerinde normal b\u00f6lgelerden daha koyu lekeler halinde g\u00f6r\u00fclen bo\u015fluklar\u0131n ve az yo\u011fun k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n belirlenmesini sa\u011flar . Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde par\u00e7aya kar\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f olan ve so\u011furma kat say\u0131s\u0131 par\u00e7an\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 madenden farkl\u0131 olan yabanc\u0131 maddeler de film \u00fczerinde daha a\u00e7\u0131k veya daha koyu lekeler halinde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr . Ayr\u0131ca radyometalografi sayesinde bak\u0131r ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131ndaki baz\u0131 bile\u015fenlerin veya madenlerin(so\u011furma g\u00fcc\u00fc y\u00fcksek olan kur\u015fun gibi) yap\u0131sal ve kimyasal bak\u0131mdan homojen olup olmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 denetlemek kolayla\u015f\u0131r .
\nTOMOGRAF\u0130: Bir organ ve organizma kesitinin r\u00f6ntgenle filmini \u00e7ekmeye yarayan usuld\u00fcr . Ger\u00e7ekte 1-2 cm kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ince bir dilimin filmi s\u00f6z konusudur . B\u00f6ylece belli bir organ,mesela akci\u011fer art arda dilimler halinde yatay veya enine ve boyuna dikey d\u00fczlemler \u00fczerinde incelenebilir .
\nTomografi yapmak i\u00e7in X \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 \u00fcreten t\u00fcpe ve hassas filme \u00e7e\u015fitli yer de\u011fi\u015ftirme hareketleri yapt\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r,\u00f6yle ki sadece bu yer de\u011fi\u015ftirme hareketinin eksenine rastlayan belli bir d\u00fczlem \u00fczerinde bulunan \u015fekiller filmde g\u00f6z\u00fck\u00fcr ; belli d\u00fczlemin \u00f6n\u00fcnde,arkas\u0131nda,\u00fcst\u00fcnde,alt\u0131nda vb. Bulunan \u015fekiller a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6z\u00fckmez . Yani hassas filmi hemen hi\u00e7 etkilemez ancak \u00e7ok silik \u00e7izgiler halinde belirir.<\/p>\n
RADYOTERAP\u0130: X \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n biyolojik etkisine dayanan tedavi usul\u00fcd\u00fcr .<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
X \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonunda R\u00f6ntgen taraf\u0131ndan bulundu . Bu \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar havas\u0131 bo\u015falt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f lambalar\u0131n (Crookes lambas\u0131 , akkor katotlu lambalar vb .) d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda da yay\u0131l\u0131rlar . Ampul y\u00fczeyinin katot \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131yla bombard\u0131man edilen k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131nda meydana gelirler . R\u00f6ntgen buldu\u011fu bu \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 bilmedi\u011finden bunlara X ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi . X \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 yayg\u0131n olarak x \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 t\u00fcplerinde ve …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[11554,4474,11555,3595,4475,11553,11552],"class_list":["post-6123","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-akkor-katotlu-lambalar","tag-anot","tag-elektromagnetik-isimalar","tag-homojen","tag-katot","tag-rontgen","tag-x-isinin-bulunusu"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6123","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6123"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6123\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6123"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6123"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6123"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}