Ni\u011fbolu Sava\u015f\u0131 (Ni\u011fbolu Zaferi)<\/p>\n
Ni\u011fbolu \u00f6n\u00fcnde Osmanl\u0131 ve Ha\u00e7l\u0131 ordular\u0131 aras\u0131nda, 25 Eyl\u00fcl 1396 tarihinde yap\u0131lan meydan sava\u015f\u0131.
\nOsmanl\u0131 Devletinin, Avrupa k\u0131tas\u0131ndaki fetihleri, ba\u015fta Papa olmak \u00fczere b\u00fct\u00fcn H\u0131ristiyan devletlerini tela\u015fland\u0131r\u0131yordu. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, Bulgaristan ve S\u0131rbistan\u2019\u0131 fethederek, Tuna boylar\u0131na ve Macar Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 hudutlar\u0131na dayanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Do\u011fu H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n temsilcisi Bizans Kayserli\u011fi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclt\u00fcl\u00fcp, \u0130stanbul ve \u00e7evresi surlar\u0131n i\u00e7ine s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak, Anadolu ve Trakya\u2019dan ku\u015fat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f vaziyetteydi. Osmanl\u0131 ak\u0131nc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n, Bosna ve Arnavutluk\u2019a yapt\u0131klar\u0131 ak\u0131nlarla fethedilen b\u00f6lgelere yerle\u015fmeleri, Boyana Nehri ve Drac Liman\u0131na do\u011fru yay\u0131lmalar\u0131, Latinleri ve buralarda n\u00fcfuz sahibi Venediklileri de tela\u015fland\u0131rd\u0131. Bundan ba\u015fka, Ege denizi sahilindeki beylikleri elde ettikten sonra, bu beyliklere mensup korsan gemilerinin faaliyetleri de bu tela\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131yordu. Ancak, as\u0131l tehlikeyi hisseden, Macarlard\u0131. Krallar\u0131 Sigismund ile Bizans Kayseri \u0130kinci Manuel\u2019in, Avrupa\u2019dan yard\u0131m isteyerek Papa Dokuzuncu Bonifacius\u2019u bir Ha\u00e7l\u0131 seferine davet etmeleri, tahtlar\u0131n\u0131 tehlikede g\u00f6ren krallar\u0131, \u015fato, m\u00e2lik\u00e2ne sahibi derebeyleri, H\u0131ristiyan ke\u015fi\u015f, papaz ve \u0130sl\u00e2m hil\u00e2linin Ha\u00e7l\u0131 sal\u00eebini ezece\u011fi ku\u015fkusuna kap\u0131lanlar\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7irdi. <\/p>\n
B\u00fct\u00fcn Avrupa milletleri silaha sar\u0131ld\u0131 ve \u0130ngiltere ile Fransa aras\u0131ndaki harbe son verildi. Fransa, \u0130ngiltere, \u0130sko\u00e7ya, Almanya, Polonya, Bohemya, Avusturya, Macaristan, \u0130talya, \u0130svi\u00e7re, Bel\u00e7ika ve di\u011fer Avrupa memleketlerinden ve Venediklilerle Rodos \u015f\u00f6valyelerinden meydana gelen 120.000 ki\u015filik b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ehl-i sal\u00eeb (Ha\u00e7l\u0131) ordusu topland\u0131. <\/p>\n
Harekete ge\u00e7en Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar, Macaristan\u2019dan itibaren iki kola ayr\u0131ld\u0131. Macar kral\u0131 Sigismund\u2019un idaresindeki as\u0131l b\u00fcy\u00fck kol, \u00f6nce S\u0131rbistan istikametinde y\u00fcr\u00fcyerek Tuna Vadisine ula\u015ft\u0131 ve nehrin sol sahilini takip ederek Osmanl\u0131 topra\u011f\u0131na girdi. Sonra Tuna\u2019y\u0131 ge\u00e7erek Vidin, Orsava ve Rahova \u015fehirlerini zaptederek, buralardaki T\u00fcrkleri k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7tan ge\u00e7irdiler. Sonra da Ni\u011fbolu \u00f6n\u00fcne geldiler. <\/p>\n
Nevers kontu Jan\u2019\u0131n idaresindeki Frans\u0131zlar, Budin\u2019den sonra Erdel \u00fczerinden Eflak\u2019a ge\u00e7erek, Eflak voyvodas\u0131 ile birlikte Ni\u011fbolu\u2019da di\u011fer kuvvetlerle birle\u015fti. <\/p>\n
Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar ilerlerken, Katoliklik taassubuyla, Balkanlar\u0131n Ortodoks H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131n\u0131 da \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcp mallar\u0131n\u0131 ya\u011fma ettiler. Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n m\u00fcsamahal\u0131 idaresine ba\u011flanan Balkanlar\u0131n yerli H\u0131ristiyan ahalisi; can, mal, \u0131rz tecav\u00fcz\u00fcne u\u011frayarak, \u00e7ok zarar g\u00f6rd\u00fc. <\/p>\n
Ni\u011fbolu\u2019ya gelen Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar, Osmanl\u0131 kumandanlar\u0131ndan Do\u011fan Beyin muhaf\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki Ni\u011fbolu Kalesini, karadan ve nehirden ku\u015fatt\u0131lar. Ni\u011fbolu Ku\u015fatmas\u0131n\u0131n on alt\u0131nc\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcne kadar, Sultan Bayezid Han (Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m) ve Osmanl\u0131 ordusunun g\u00f6r\u00fcnmemesi, Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar\u0131 \u00fcmitlendirdi. <\/p>\n
Macar Kral\u0131 Sigismund, burada \u00fcnl\u00fc \u015f\u00f6valyeler, prensler ve se\u00e7me askerlerine verdi\u011fi zafer ziyafetinde, Suriye\u2019nin i\u015fgaliyle birlikte Kud\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn al\u0131nmas\u0131ndan bahsediyordu. <\/p>\n
\u00d6te yandan Avrupa\u2019daki Ha\u00e7l\u0131 haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenip, ordular\u0131n\u0131n, Osmanl\u0131 hududunu ge\u00e7tiklerini haber alan Sultan Bayezid Han ise, \u0130stanbul ku\u015fatmas\u0131n\u0131 tehir ederek, kuvvetlerini Edirne\u2019de toplad\u0131. Kara Timurta\u015f Pa\u015fa ile \u015fehzadelerinin kumandas\u0131ndaki Anadolu askerleri s\u00fcratle toplanarak Bo\u011fazlardan ge\u00e7ip, Edirne\u2019de Padi\u015faha yeti\u015ftiler. Rumeli askerleri de Edirne\u2019de Bayezid Hana kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezid Han, ad\u0131na yak\u0131\u015fan bir s\u00fcratle Tuna boylar\u0131na do\u011fru y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc. Osmanl\u0131 ordusu, Filibe-\u015e\u0131pka Ge\u00e7idi yoluyla Ni\u011fbolu\u2019ya ilerlerken, T\u0131rnova\u2019da g\u0131da maddeleri tedarik eden Ha\u00e7l\u0131larla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131. Bunlar esir al\u0131nd\u0131. Ka\u00e7anlar, Osmanl\u0131 ordusunun s\u00fcratle geldi\u011fi haberini ula\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131lar. Bu beklenmeyen bir durumdu. Mare\u015fal Bubiko, Bayezid Han\u0131n, T\u0131rnova\u2019ya gelebilece\u011fine bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc ihtimal veremiyordu. T\u00fcrklerin harp kabiliyetlerini iyi bilen Kral Sigismund, haberin do\u011frulu\u011funu tetkik i\u00e7in, ileriye ke\u015fif kuvvetleri g\u00f6nderdi. Bayezid Han\u0131n Gazi Evrenos kumandas\u0131ndaki \u00f6nc\u00fcleri, Sigismund\u2019un ke\u015fif kollar\u0131n\u0131 tesirsiz h\u00e2le getirdiler. Osmanl\u0131 ordusu, Ni\u011fbolu\u2019nun on kilometre kadar g\u00fcneyine sokuldu. Cephesini kuzeye vererek ordug\u00e2h kurdu. <\/p>\n
Ni\u011fbolu\u2019ya yakla\u015fan Osmanl\u0131 ordusu, ke\u015fif kollar\u0131yla ovaya yay\u0131lmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. <\/p>\n
Birdenbire Osmanl\u0131 ordusunu kar\u015f\u0131lar\u0131nda g\u00f6ren Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar sil\u00e2hba\u015f\u0131 ettiler. Kral Sigismund, derhal bir harp d\u00eev\u00e2n\u0131 toplay\u0131p muharebe nizam\u0131n\u0131 tespit etti. <\/p>\n
25 Eyl\u00fcl 1396 sabah\u0131, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n d\u00f6rt k\u00f6\u015fesinden toplanm\u0131\u015f 120 000 ki\u015filik Ha\u00e7l\u0131 ordusu ile bunun yar\u0131s\u0131 miktar\u0131ndaki Osmanl\u0131 ordusu kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya geldikleri zaman, Osmanl\u0131 ordusunun harp nizam\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yleydi: <\/p>\n
Birinci hatta Saruca Pa\u015fa kumandas\u0131nda hafif piyadeleri te\u015fkil eden azap askerleri, solda \u015fehz\u00e2de S\u00fcleyman \u00c7elebi kumandas\u0131nda Rumeli askeri, sa\u011fda \u015eehz\u00e2de Mustafa \u00c7elebi ve Anadolu beylerbeyi Kara Timurta\u015f Pa\u015fa kumandas\u0131nda Anadolu askeri, ortada yeni\u00e7eriler vard\u0131. Timarl\u0131 sipahiler sa\u011f ve sol yanlara yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015fti. Sadrazam Ali Pa\u015fa, Rumeli beylerbeyi Firuz Bey, Malko\u00e7 Bey, sol kanattaki kuvvetlerin aras\u0131nda bulunuyordu. \u00d6n hatlara piyadeleri koyup, kesin sonucu, atl\u0131 askere b\u0131rakan Osmanl\u0131 harp nizam\u0131na mukabil, neticeyi yaya askere y\u00fckleyen Ha\u00e7l\u0131 ordusu ise, \u00f6nde birinci hatta atl\u0131 \u015f\u00f6valyeler, ikinci hatta Macar kral\u0131, sa\u011f yanda Stefan Laskovi\u00e7 kumandas\u0131nda H\u0131rvatlar, solda Voyvoda Mir\u00e7a kumandas\u0131nda Ulahlar olmak \u00fczere tertibat alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca gerisini Tuna Nehrine ve ku\u015fatmakta oldu\u011fu Ni\u011fbolu \u015fehrine dayam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. <\/p>\n
\u0130ki ordu, bu harp d\u00fczeninde kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131lar. Frans\u0131z s\u00fcvarileri, muzaffer olmak hissiyle ilk \u00f6nce taarruz ettiler. Bu taarruz, Sultan Bayezid Han\u0131n kumanda etti\u011fi merkez kuvvetlerine yap\u0131ld\u0131. Merkez kuvvetlerinin \u00f6n\u00fcndeki hafif yaya askeri olan azaplar\u0131 ge\u00e7tiler. Yeni\u00e7eri askeriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131lar. Yeni\u00e7erilerin ok ya\u011fmuruna tuttu\u011fu Frans\u0131z s\u00fcvarilerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 imha edildi. Sol koldan \u015eehz\u00e2de Mustafa ve Anadolu kuvvetlerinin yandan taarruzuna u\u011frad\u0131larsa da, plan gere\u011fince, Osmanl\u0131 merkez kuvvetleri, bir miktar geri al\u0131nd\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 ordusunun geri \u00e7ekili\u015fi, Frans\u0131zlar\u0131n kayb\u0131n\u0131 daha da artt\u0131r\u0131p, kurulan k\u0131skac\u0131n i\u00e7ine girdiler. Osmanl\u0131 harp takti\u011fini bilen Sigismund\u2019un tavsiyelerini dinlemeyip, daha da ilerlediler. Plan gere\u011fince, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc muharebe hatt\u0131 da iki kola ayr\u0131ld\u0131. Frans\u0131zlar, Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7ekildi\u011fi tepeyi i\u015fgal edince, zafer kazand\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 zannettikleri anda, Sultan Bayezid Han\u0131n kumandas\u0131nda olan pusudaki kuvvetlerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131nca \u015fa\u015f\u0131rd\u0131lar. Zafer sarho\u015flu\u011fu ile yaya olanlar atlar\u0131na tekrar binmek istedilerse de, hil\u00e2lin k\u0131skac\u0131 kapand\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan geri d\u00f6nemediler. Macar Kral\u0131 Sigismund\u2019un, m\u00fcttefiki Frans\u0131zlar\u0131 kurtarmak i\u00e7in g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi kuvvetler de kay\u0131p vererek geri \u00e7ekilmek mecburiyetinde kald\u0131. K\u0131skac\u0131n i\u00e7indeki Ha\u00e7l\u0131 kuvvetlerinin kar\u015f\u0131 koyanlar\u0131 imha edilip, kalanlar esir al\u0131nd\u0131. \u00dc\u00e7 saat i\u00e7inde b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle peri\u015fan edilen Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar\u0131n, en g\u00f6zde birliklerine sahip Frans\u0131zlar\u0131n ma\u011fl\u00fbbiyeti, di\u011ferlerinin taarruzuna imk\u00e2n vermedi. Eflak prensi Mir\u00e7a, muharebe neticesinin Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar i\u00e7in h\u00fcsran olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tahmin ederek, memleketine \u00e7ekildi. Kar\u015f\u0131 taarruza ge\u00e7en Osmanl\u0131 ordusu, s\u00fcratle Sigismund\u2019un \u00fczerine h\u00fccum etti. \u0130htiyat kuvvetlerini bile muharebeye sokan Macar kral\u0131, Osmanl\u0131lar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir ba\u015far\u0131 sa\u011flayam\u0131yordu. Sultan Bayezid Han, kesin neticeyi almak i\u00e7in Osmanl\u0131 kuvvetlerinin hepsine taarruz emri verdi. Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar, pani\u011fe kap\u0131l\u0131p da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131lar. Kalabal\u0131k Ha\u00e7l\u0131 ordusu ile Ni\u011fbolu\u2019ya gelmekte iken, ordusunun muazzam say\u0131s\u0131na bakarak; \u201cG\u00f6k \u00e7\u00f6kecek olsa m\u0131zraklar\u0131m\u0131zla tutar\u0131z\u201d diyerek b\u00f6b\u00fcrlenen ve Osmanl\u0131ya at\u0131p tutan Sigismund, Venedik kad\u0131rgas\u0131na binerek \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131-Marmara ve Ege Denizi yoluyla Mora\u2019daki Modon Liman\u0131na, sonra da Dalma\u00e7ya\u2019da karaya ayak bast\u0131. Oradan memleketine ge\u00e7ti. Ha\u00e7l\u0131lardan, muharebeye kat\u0131lmayanlar ve ka\u00e7anlar, kendilerini Tuna Nehrine at\u0131p bo\u011fuldular. Muharebede pek \u00e7ok asilz\u00e2de kumandan ve \u015f\u00f6valye esir al\u0131nd\u0131. <\/p>\n
Ba\u015fta Papal\u0131k ve Bizans olmak \u00fczere, b\u00fct\u00fcn H\u0131ristiyan \u00e2leminin, Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131 Avrupa k\u0131tas\u0131ndan atmak i\u00e7in, olanca imk\u00e2nlar\u0131n\u0131 seferber ederek haz\u0131rlad\u0131klar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck Ha\u00e7l\u0131 ordusu, Sultan Bayezid Han\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda mukavemet bile edememi\u015fti. 25 Eyl\u00fcl 1396 tarihinde Ni\u011fbolu\u2019da kazan\u0131lan zaferle, Osmanl\u0131 himayesindeki Vidin-Bulgar Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131na son verildi. Macaristan\u2019a b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ak\u0131n yap\u0131larak \u00e7ok miktarda esir al\u0131nd\u0131. Ha\u00e7l\u0131lardan al\u0131nan pek \u00e7ok ganimetle, \u00fclkede imar faaliyetleri, sosyal yard\u0131m m\u00fcesseseleri ve sanat eserleri yap\u0131ld\u0131. Esirleri \u00f6nce Edirne\u2019ye, oradan Gelibolu\u2019ya g\u00f6nderen, sonra da Bursa\u2019ya gelince yan\u0131na getirten Sultan Bayezid Han, fidye kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 hepsini serbest b\u0131rakt\u0131. Esirler aras\u0131nda bulunan Korkusuz Jean ve arkada\u015flar\u0131, \u201cBu andan itibaren Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezid\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 gelmeyece\u011fimize ve ona kar\u015f\u0131 sil\u00e2h kullanmayaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131za namus ve \u015ferefimiz \u00fczerine yemin ederiz\u201d deyince, Bayezid Han; \u201cBana kar\u015f\u0131 sil\u00e2h kullanmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131za dair etti\u011finiz yeminleri size iade ediyorum. Gidiniz, yeniden ordular toplay\u0131n\u0131z ve bizim \u00fczerimize geliniz. Bana bir kere daha zafer kazanmak imk\u00e2n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f olursunuz. Z\u00eer\u00e2 ben, Allah\u00fc te\u00e2l\u00e2n\u0131n d\u00eenini yaymak ve O\u2019nun r\u0131z\u00e2s\u0131na kavu\u015fmak i\u00e7in d\u00fcny\u00e2ya gelmi\u015fim\u201d dedi. <\/p>\n
Ni\u011fbolu Zaferi, g\u00f6nderilen fetihn\u00e2melerle, \u00fclkenin her taraf\u0131na, Asya\u2019daki h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlara, M\u0131s\u0131r sultanlar\u0131na, Irak ve Acem beylerine, Tatar han\u0131na, Bursa kad\u0131s\u0131na m\u00fcjdelendi. M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da bulunan Abbas\u00ee halifesi, kendisine g\u00f6nderilen zafern\u00e2meye verdi\u011fi cevapta, Bayezid Hana; \u201cSultan-\u0131 \u0130klim-i R\u00fbm\u201d unvan\u0131 ile hitap etti. O g\u00fcnden itibaren, Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131na sultan denilmesi \u00e2det oldu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Ni\u011fbolu Sava\u015f\u0131 (Ni\u011fbolu Zaferi) Ni\u011fbolu \u00f6n\u00fcnde Osmanl\u0131 ve Ha\u00e7l\u0131 ordular\u0131 aras\u0131nda, 25 Eyl\u00fcl 1396 tarihinde yap\u0131lan meydan sava\u015f\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 Devletinin, Avrupa k\u0131tas\u0131ndaki fetihleri, ba\u015fta Papa olmak \u00fczere b\u00fct\u00fcn H\u0131ristiyan devletlerini tela\u015fland\u0131r\u0131yordu. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, Bulgaristan ve S\u0131rbistan\u2019\u0131 fethederek, Tuna boylar\u0131na ve Macar Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 hudutlar\u0131na dayanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Do\u011fu H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n temsilcisi Bizans Kayserli\u011fi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclt\u00fcl\u00fcp, \u0130stanbul ve \u00e7evresi surlar\u0131n i\u00e7ine …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1403,1406],"tags":[1685,1754,1883,1884,1352,1885],"class_list":["post-614","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-odevler","category-sosyal-bilgiler-odevleri","tag-avrupa","tag-istanbul","tag-nigbolu-savasi","tag-nigbolu-zaferi","tag-osmanli-devleti","tag-sultan-bayezid"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/614","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=614"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/614\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=614"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=614"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=614"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}