Timur \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu (Timurlular, Timuro\u011fullar\u0131) <\/p>\n
Timur, kendi ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan b\u00fcy\u00fck T\u00fcrk \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun kurucusudur. 8 Nisan 1336’da,
\nT\u00fcrkistan’\u0131n Ke\u015f \u015fehrinde d\u00fcnyaya geldi. Semerkand’\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde bulunan bu yerin, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc ad\u0131 “Yehr-i \u015eebz”dir. Babas\u0131, Barlas oyma\u011f\u0131n\u0131n beyi Turagay (Turgay), annesi Tekine Hatun idi. Barlas boyu, Orta Asya’dan gelen bir T\u00fcrk kavmidir. O devirde Barlas boyu, \u00c7a\u011fatay Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’na ba\u011fl\u0131 idi.<\/p>\n
Timur’un babas\u0131, 1360’da \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f, onun yerine ge\u00e7en amcas\u0131 Hac\u0131 Barlas ‘da 1361’de \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Timur, o s\u0131rada 25 ya\u015flar\u0131nda idi. Cesur, zeki, bilgili bir T\u00fcrk asilzadesi olan Timur, siyas\u00ee ve asker\u00ee dehas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterecek her f\u0131rsattan yararlanacak, k\u0131sa zamanda y\u00fckselecek ve cihangir olacakt\u0131. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrk Hakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n taht\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kacak, imparatorlu\u011fun s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131, \u0130til (Volga)’den Hindistan’daki Ganj Nehri’ne, Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131’ndan \u0130zmir ve \u015eam’a kadar uzatacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u0130skender, Sezar ve D\u00e2r\u00e2 gibi \u00fcnl\u00fc cihangirlerin seviyesine \u00e7\u0131kabilmek i\u00e7in, Timur Han, hepsi zaferle sonu\u00e7lanan 17 sefer d\u00fczenlemi\u015f, 27 \u00fclkenin hakan\u0131na ba\u015f e\u011fdirmi\u015f, onlara ba\u015f olmu\u015ftu. B\u00f6yle bir \u015fahsiyeti, \u00e7ocuklu\u011fundan itibaren baz\u0131 \u00f6zellikleriyle tan\u0131mak gerekir.<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015fte tarih\u00e7ilerin Timur i\u00e7in s\u00f6yledikleri:<\/p>\n
At binen, k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 ku\u015fanan, att\u0131\u011f\u0131 oku y\u00fcz\u00fck deli\u011finden ge\u00e7iren bir \u00e7ocuk; on iki ya\u015f\u0131nda sava\u015fa kat\u0131lan bir bahad\u0131r; sava\u015flardan, sava\u015f talimlerinden arta kalan zaman\u0131n\u0131 okumakla, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e2limlerden ders almakla ge\u00e7iren gen\u00e7 bir idealist; \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fcz ki\u015filik bir kuvvetle on bin ki\u015filik bir orduyu yenen e\u015fsiz stratejist; bir sava\u015fta aya\u011f\u0131ndan yaralanan ve bu y\u00fczden ad\u0131n\u0131n sonuna Fars dilinde “topal” anlam\u0131na gelen “lenk” s\u0131fat\u0131 eklenen bir ba\u015fbu\u011f (T\u00fcrkler ‘Aksak Timur’ Bat\u0131l\u0131lar ‘Tamerlane’ derler); d\u00fcnya tarihini, \u00f6zellikle T\u00fcrk-\u0130sl\u00e2m tarihini \u00e7ok iyi bilen, dinin, ilim ve sanat\u0131n koruyucusu; Asya’da T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’nin, T\u00fcrk sanat ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn Fars k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn bask\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda yok olup gitmesini \u00f6nleyen, \u00f6ne ge\u00e7mesi, \u00f6rnek olmas\u0131 \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7an h\u00fck\u00fcmdar; aman dileyenin dostu, d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131n\u0131n ac\u0131mas\u0131z ba\u015f belas\u0131, ama askerlerinin \u00e7ok sevdi\u011fi h\u00fck\u00fcmdar ve milletinin babas\u0131…<\/p>\n
Bu kadar de\u011fil. G\u00fcnah\u0131n\u0131 sevab\u0131ndan, zulm\u00fcn\u00fc adaletinden \u00e7ok g\u00f6stermek isteyenler de vard\u0131r. Kellelerden kuleler yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, \u015fehirleri yak\u0131p y\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da hat\u0131rlat\u0131rlar. Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezid’le sava\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve karde\u015f ordular\u0131 birbirine k\u0131rd\u0131rm\u0131\u015f olmakla da su\u00e7lan\u0131r. Ger\u00e7ekten Ankara Sava\u015f\u0131’ndan sonra Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, bir s\u00fcre bocalam\u0131\u015f ve bir fetret devri ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir. Fakat ayn\u0131 tarih\u00e7iler, hatta b\u00fct\u00fcn tarih\u00e7iler, Timur Han’\u0131n son ana kadar sava\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flatmamak i\u00e7in, Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezid Han’\u0131n ise ba\u015flatmak i\u00e7in gayret g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini yazarlar. <\/p>\n
Timur’u, H\u0131ristiyan Bat\u0131, zalim ve y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 olarak anar. Timur Han, daha hayatta iken bu su\u00e7lamalara cevap vermi\u015ftir. O, \u0130lhanl\u0131 Devleti’nin ve ona ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00c7a\u011fatay Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n karga\u015fal\u0131klar, entrikalarla sars\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemde, yenilmez bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. T\u00fcrk, \u0130ran ve Arap tarih\u00e7ileri, bu karga\u015fal\u0131\u011fa Yahudi t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n ve H\u0131ristiyan misyonerlerin birinci derecede sebep olduklar\u0131n\u0131 belirtirler. Bu t\u00fcccarlar ve baz\u0131 misyonerler Avrupa krallar\u0131na casusluk yap\u0131yorlard\u0131 ve bunlar b\u00fct\u00fcn T\u00fcrkistan’a dolmu\u015flard\u0131. Timur Han, bunlar\u0131n faaliyetlerine son verdi. Hindistan’dan H\u0131ristiyan misyonerlerin kovulmas\u0131n\u0131, bu k\u0131tada M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. Bunun i\u00e7in H\u0131ristiyanlar, ona d\u00fc\u015fman idi. Timur Han, i\u015fgal etti\u011fi yerlerde, Yunan ve Roma eserlerinin kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131, putlar\u0131 y\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu y\u00fczden ona, “y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131” demi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n
Ama ona kendi devrinin \u0130sl\u00e2m \u00e2limleri, “Kutbeddin”,”S\u00e2hib-K\u0131r\u00e2n-\u0131 \u00c2zam Cennet Mek\u00e2n” ad\u0131n\u0131 da vermi\u015f ve b\u00f6ylece onun, dinin kutbu, en iler geleni; kutlu, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve cennetlik” bir h\u00fck\u00fcmdar oldu\u011funu da s\u00f6ylemi\u015fleridir. \u0130sfahan’da yetmi\u015f bin ki\u015fiyi k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7tan ge\u00e7irip, kellelerini kule gibi y\u0131\u011fmas\u0131 da “insan kellesinden kule yapan h\u00fck\u00fcmdar” olarak an\u0131lmas\u0131na sebep olmu\u015ftur. Buna, kendisinin verdi\u011fi cevap \u015fudur: \u201c\u0130sfahan’a b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m memurlar\u0131m\u0131 ve be\u015f bin ki\u015filik askerimi, isyan edip bir tekini bile sa\u011f b\u0131rakmadan k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7tan ge\u00e7irdikleri, dinsizlik ettikleri i\u00e7in…”<\/p>\n
\u0130ran tarih\u00e7ilerinin, Timur’un daima aleyhinde olmalar\u0131n\u0131n, b\u00f6ylece, bat\u0131da oldu\u011fu gibi, do\u011fuda da k\u00f6t\u00fclenmesinin bir sebebi de \u015fudur: Timur Han, \u0130ran seferinde, \u015eehname’nin yazar\u0131 \u00fcnl\u00fc \u015fair Firdevs\u00ee’nin mezar\u0131na giderek, “Kalk, kalk da, her sat\u0131r\u0131nda k\u00f6t\u00fcledi\u011fin ma\u011flup T\u00fcrk’\u00fc \u015fimdi g\u00f6r!” demi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Timur’un, \u0130sl\u00e2miyet’e \u00f6ncelik vermek ve din adamlar\u0131n\u0131 kullanmak suretiyle T\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fini geriletti\u011fini s\u00f6yleyenler de olmu\u015ftur. Ama o, kendi devrine kadar, Bilge Ka\u011fan’dan ba\u015fka hi\u00e7bir T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n g\u00f6stermedi\u011fi bir anlay\u0131\u015fla, gurur kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u015fu s\u00f6zlerle belirtmi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n
“Biz ki Melik-i Turan, Em\u00eer-i T\u00fcrkistan’\u0131z,
\nBiz ki T\u00fcrk o\u011flu T\u00fcrk’\u00fcz;
\nBiz ki milletlerin en kad\u00eem\u00ee ve en ulusu T\u00fcrk’\u00fcn ba\u015fbu\u011fuyuz!…”<\/p>\n
Ankara Sava\u015f\u0131’nda, Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezid’i yenerek Bursa’y\u0131 yakmas\u0131ndan sonra, Osmanl\u0131 tarih\u00e7ilerinin de Timur Han lehine yazmalar\u0131 beklenemezdi. Ama, y\u00fczy\u0131llar sonra, her \u015feyi daha tarafs\u0131zca de\u011ferlendirmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. <\/p>\n
Ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 devirden, cihangirli\u011finden, yapt\u0131klar\u0131ndan s\u00f6z etmeden de, onun kimli\u011fini belirtti\u011fimiz zaman, b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ifade etmi\u015f oluruz:<\/p>\n
Timur Han, Sultan II. Murad Han’\u0131n 1441 y\u0131l\u0131nda yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir n\u00e2me ile kendisini B\u00fcy\u00fck T\u00fcrk Hakan\u0131 olarak tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve t\u00e2bi oldu\u011funu bildirdi\u011fi \u00e2lim h\u00fck\u00fcmdar \u015eahruh’un babas\u0131; \u015fair h\u00fck\u00fcmdar H\u00fcseyin Baykara’n\u0131n ve bu g\u00fcn Ay’\u0131n en geni\u015f kraterlerinden birine ad\u0131 verilen Ay atlas\u0131nda “T\u00fcrk” ad\u0131n\u0131 bulunduran \u00fcnl\u00fc astronom Ulu\u011f Bey’in dedesidir.<\/p>\n
Timur Han, 25 ya\u015flar\u0131nda iken, \u00c7a\u011fatay Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 valilerinden Kazgan Han’\u0131n emrine girdi ve b\u00fcy\u00fck bir birli\u011fin kumandan\u0131 oldu. Kazgan Han, onu k\u0131z\u0131 Olcay T\u00fcrk\u00e2n’la evlendirdi. Kazgan Han’\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131, onu pusuya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcp \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fcler. Timur, Kazgan Han’\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrtenlere sava\u015f a\u00e7arak, hepsini ortadan kald\u0131rd\u0131. Bu ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, \u00c7a\u011fatay Han\u0131, onu kendi hizmetine ald\u0131 ve T\u00fcmen Beyi yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n
Timur, bundan sonra n\u00fcfuzunu, g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc h\u0131zla artt\u0131rd\u0131. Hanlarla, beyler aras\u0131nda s\u0131k s\u0131k meydana gelen \u00e7eki\u015fmelere kar\u0131\u015f\u0131yor, durumu kendi lehine de\u011ferlendiriyordu. Devrin \u00e2limleri, Timur’u, devletteki h\u0131zl\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fcy\u00fc durduracak lider olarak g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. 1370 y\u0131l\u0131nda Timur, Belh \u015fehrinde, mutlak hakim ve tam ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir duruma geldi. Fakat, Cengiz soyundan olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Cengiz hanedan\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck prestijinden de yararlanmak istedi\u011fi i\u00e7in, Cengiz soyunun \u00c7a\u011fatay s\u00fclalesinden Soyurgatm\u0131\u015f Han’\u0131 tahta \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131 ve onu, hayat\u0131 boyunca, kukla bir h\u00fck\u00fcmdar olarak yan\u0131nda gezdirdi. \u015eeklen ona ba\u011fl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyordu, ama mutlak hakim kendisiydi.<\/p>\n
Belh’te toplanan Kurultay, Timur Han’a “Kutbeddin” ve S\u00e2hib K\u0131r\u00e2n” unvanlar\u0131n\u0131 verdi. Timur Han, k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra ba\u015fkenti, Belh’ten Semerkant’a nakletti. Bundan sonra, d\u00f6rt y\u00f6ne ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 seferler d\u00fczenledi. \u00c7ok iyi planlanm\u0131\u015f taktikler uyguluyor, y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m sava\u015flar\u0131 yap\u0131yor ve her seferini, zaferle sonu\u00e7land\u0131r\u0131yordu. 1371-1377 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, Harezm’e \u00fc\u00e7 sefer, Mo\u011folistan’a iki sefer d\u00fczenledi. 1378’de birinci Alt\u0131n Ordu seferi ile \u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyaya duyurdu. 1379’da Harezm’e bir sefer daha yapt\u0131. 1380’de Herat’a girdi ve b\u00f6ylece Harezm ve Horasan, tamamen fethedildi. 1389’a kadar yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 seferlerle Turfan, Kara\u015far b\u00f6lgelerini zaptetti ve Uyguristan’\u0131 kendisine ba\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n
1390 ve 1391 y\u0131llar\u0131nda tekrar Alt\u0131n Ordu seferine \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu son seferi d\u00fczenlemesine, Alt\u0131n Ordu Hakan\u0131 Toktam\u0131\u015f Han’\u0131n nank\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sebep olmu\u015ftu. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00f6nceki seferlerinde Timur Han, Toktam\u0131\u015f Han’\u0131 desteklemi\u015f onun d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131n\u0131 bertaraf etmi\u015fti. Toktam\u0131\u015f Han, bu destek sayesinde g\u00fc\u00e7lenince bu defa Timur’a ba\u015fkald\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu seferinde, Do\u011fu Avrupa’ya hakim olan Toktam\u0131\u015f’\u0131 y\u0131kmak i\u00e7in, onun b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkesini i\u015fgal etmek, tahrip etmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu da, Rusya’n\u0131n do\u011fup geli\u015fmesine sebep olacak ve Timur Han, istemeden sebep oldu\u011fu bu geli\u015fmeden dolay\u0131, daha sonra, tarih\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan su\u00e7lanacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n
Timur Han, 1401’e kadar yap\u0131lan d\u00f6rt seferle Irak ve G\u00fcney Anadolu, 1398-99 seferleriyle Hindistan Delhi Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131, 1401-1402’de Suriye’yi fethetti. Nihayet, 1402’de yap\u0131lan Ankara Sava\u015f\u0131’nda, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’ni de ma\u011flup ederek itaat alt\u0131na ald\u0131.<\/p>\n
“K\u0131ymetli bahad\u0131rlar sayesinde pek \u00e7ok yer fethettim ve 27 \u00fclkenin hakan\u0131 oldum” diyen Timur, hakan\u0131 oldu\u011fu \u00fclkeleri \u015f\u00f6yle s\u0131ral\u0131yor: Turan, \u0130ran, Rum (Anadolu), Ma\u011frib, Suriye, M\u0131s\u0131r, Irak-\u0131 Arap, Irak-\u0131 Acem, Mazenderan, Geylan, \u015eirvan, Azerbaycan, Fars, Horasan, Cidde, B\u00fcy\u00fck Tataristan, Harezm, Hotin, K\u00e2bilistan, Bahter, Zemin, Hindistan… (Yirmi iki yer say\u0131yor, di\u011ferleri de G\u00fcrcistan, Ermenistan gibi Kafkas \u00fclkeleri).<\/p>\n
B\u00fcy\u00fck cihangir, son seferini \u00c7in’e yapacakt\u0131. 1404 y\u0131l\u0131 k\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, her taraf\u0131n karla kapl\u0131 oldu\u011fu bir zamanda yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. \u00d6mr\u00fcn\u00fcn sonuna yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 seziyor, en b\u00fcy\u00fck cihad\u0131 geciktirmemek gerekti\u011fine inan\u0131yordu. \u00c7in s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131ndaki Otrar \u015fehrine geldi\u011fi zaman durdu. Burada ordusuna b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ge\u00e7it t\u00f6reni yapt\u0131rd\u0131. Ku\u011fu av\u0131 d\u00fczenledi. Fakat Timur Han hastalanm\u0131\u015f, yata\u011fa d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Hekimba\u015f\u0131 Fazlullah, ona \u00f6l\u00fcm d\u00f6\u015fe\u011finde oldu\u011funu apa\u00e7\u0131k bildirdi. Bunun \u00fczerine Timur Han, vasiyetini haz\u0131rlad\u0131. Saray adamlar\u0131n\u0131, orduda bulunan torunlar\u0131n\u0131 yan\u0131na \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rarak, \u00f6l\u00fcm d\u00f6\u015fe\u011finde bir konu\u015fma yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n
Timur Han, \u00f6l\u00fcm d\u00f6\u015fe\u011finde \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6yledi:<\/p>\n
“O\u011fullar\u0131m, <\/p>\n
Milletin refah\u0131n\u0131, saadetini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in sizlere b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m vasiyeti ve t\u00fcz\u00fckleri iyi okuyun, asla unutmay\u0131 ve tatbik edin. Milletin dertlerine derman bulmak vazifenizdir.<\/p>\n
Zay\u0131flar\u0131 koruyun, yoksullar\u0131 zenginlerin zulm\u00fcne b\u0131rakmay\u0131n. “Adalet ve iyilik etmek” d\u00fcsturunuz, rehberiniz olsun.<\/p>\n
Benim gibi uzun saltanat s\u00fcrmek isterseniz, k\u0131l\u0131c\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 iyice d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek \u00e7ekiniz, bir defa \u00e7ektikten sonra da onu ustal\u0131kla kullan\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n
Aran\u0131za nifak tohumlar\u0131 ekilmemesi i\u00e7in \u00e7ok dikkatli olun. Baz\u0131 nedimleriniz ve d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131n\u0131z nifak tohumlar\u0131 sa\u00e7maya, bundan faydalanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015facaklard\u0131r. Fakat vasiyetimde size idare \u015feklini, ana ilkelerini g\u00f6sterdim. Bunlara sad\u0131k kal\u0131rsan\u0131z ta\u00e7 ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131zdan d\u00fc\u015fmez.<\/p>\n
\u00d6l\u00fcm d\u00f6\u015fe\u011finde s\u00f6ylenen baban\u0131z\u0131n bu s\u00f6zlerini unutmay\u0131n.<\/p>\n
Benden sonra hakan, Pir Muhammed Cihangir olacakt\u0131r. Ona, bana itaat eder gibi itaat edeceksiniz. Kumandanlar\u0131m, \u015fimdi itaat yemini ediniz!”<\/p>\n
(Ve b\u00fct\u00fcn kumandanlar, saray adamlar\u0131, a\u011flayarak yemin ettiler.)<\/p>\n
Timur Han, 19 Mart 1405 g\u00fcn\u00fc vefat etti. Son s\u00f6z\u00fc “L\u00e2il\u00e2he illallah” oldu. Cenazesini mumyalayarak Semerkant’a g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fcler. Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7ok sevdi\u011fi torunu Muhammed Sultan i\u00e7in yapt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcrbeye, torununun yan\u0131na g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n
Timuro\u011fullar\u0131 <\/p>\n
Timur Han’\u0131n \u00c7in\u2019e giderken vefat etmesiyle, \u00fclke, o\u011fullar\u0131 ve torunlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcld\u00fc. <\/p>\n
Timur Han\u0131n torunu \u015fehzade Halil Sultan bin M\u00eer\u00e2n\u015fah, 1409 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar merkezde hakimiyet kurdu. Timur Han\u0131n o\u011flu \u015eahruh, \u00f6nce Horasan\u2019a, 1409\u2019dan sonra da Semerkand\u2019a B\u00fcy\u00fck Timurlu h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 oldu. M\u00eer\u00e2n\u015fah, Bat\u0131 \u0130ran ve Irak\u2019\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdi. Fakat \u015eahruh, 1420\u2019de b\u00fct\u00fcn Timurlu \u00fclkesinin hakimi olup, Hindistan ve \u00c7in\u2019de ismen h\u00fck\u00fcmdard\u0131. \u015eahruh\u2019un 1447\u2019de vefat\u0131yla taht m\u00fccadelesini, o\u011flu, Semerkand hakimi, Ulu\u011f Bey kazand\u0131. <\/p>\n
Ulu\u011f Bey, h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yan\u0131nda ilme ve fenne \u00e7ok hizmet etti. Ulu\u011f Bey, o\u011flu Abd\u00fcllat\u00eef taraf\u0131ndan, 1449\u2019da \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Abd\u00fcllat\u00eef, Timurlu \u00fclkesine hakim olup, 1450 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k yapt\u0131. Abd\u00fcllat\u00eef, otoriter idaresine ra\u011fmen, tasavvuf ehline iyi davrand\u0131. 1450\u2019de suikastla \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesiyle, yerine, \u015eahruh\u2019un torunu Abdullah bin \u0130brahim h\u00fck\u00fcmdar oldu. Abdullah Mirza, 1451\u2019de taht\u0131ndan indirilip, yerine Eb\u00fb Said bin Muhammed, Timurlu h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 oldu. Eb\u00fb Said\u2019in h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 uzun s\u00fcr\u00fcp, \u00fclkede istikrar sa\u011fland\u0131. <\/p>\n
Eb\u00fb Said, Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fah\u0131 Fatih Sultan Mehmed Handan sonra, devrin en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131yd\u0131. Ubeydullah-\u0131 Ahr\u00e2r\u2019\u0131n sohbetinde bulunup, duas\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131rd\u0131. Eb\u00fb Said, Akkoyunlu h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Uzun Hasan\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131, Karakoyunlu Hasan Ali\u2019ye yard\u0131m seferine \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. \u0130a\u015fe ve levaz\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ele ge\u00e7irilmesiyle, zor duruma d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \u0130kmalin olmamas\u0131 ve orduda ka\u00e7aklar\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 sebebiyle zay\u0131flay\u0131p, 1469\u2019da T\u00fcrkmenlere esir d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. <\/p>\n
Timurlular\u0131n sonuncu uzun \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131, H\u00fcseyin Baykara\u2019d\u0131r. Herat ve b\u00fct\u00fcn Horasan \u00fczerinde h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren H\u00fcseyin Baykara (1470-1505) zaman\u0131nda, Timurlu k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, en parlak devrini ya\u015fad\u0131. \u00dclkenin \u00d6zbekler de denilen \u015eeyb\u00e2n\u00eeler’in hakimiyetine ge\u00e7mesiyle, Timurlu h\u00e2nedan\u0131 sona erdi. <\/p>\n
Timurlu Devleti, te\u015fkil\u00e2t itibariyle Mo\u011fol-T\u00fcrk-Fars ve \u0130sl\u00e2m m\u00fcesseselerinin sentezle\u015fmesinden meydana geliyordu. \u0130dar\u00ee ve asker\u00ee te\u015fkil\u00e2t\u0131, T\u00fcrkle\u015fmi\u015f Mo\u011fol vas\u0131flar\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yordu. Fars\u2019a hakim olduklar\u0131ndan, devletin maliyesinde \u0130ranl\u0131 k\u00e2tipler \u00e7o\u011funluktayd\u0131. Timurlular, Orta Asya ve \u0130ran\u2019da S\u00fcnn\u00eeli\u011fin h\u00e2misiydiler. Timurlular, bozk\u0131r karakteri de ta\u015f\u0131yan, son b\u00fcy\u00fck M\u00fcsl\u00fcman h\u00e2nedand\u0131r. Devletin ba\u015f\u0131nda, Timur Han neslinden bir han bulunurdu. Timurlu \u015fehzadeleri, yar\u0131 m\u00fcstakil veya m\u00fcstakil eyaletlerde vazife yapard\u0131. Eyaletlerdeki \u015fehzadeler, \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck kuvvetlere sahiptiler. Bu durum, taht m\u00fccadelelerine de sebep oluyordu. <\/p>\n
Geni\u015f yetkileri bulunan bu em\u00eerler, askeri topluyor, ordunun nizam ve inzibat\u0131yla u\u011fra\u015f\u0131yor, ganimeti payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor, h\u00fck\u00fcmdar \u00f6n\u00fcnde resmi ge\u00e7it yapt\u0131r\u0131yordu. Timurlu ordusu; h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n hassa alay\u0131ndan ba\u015fka, kendilerine suyurgallar (bir nevi ikt\u00e2) verilen askerlerden meydana geliyordu. Tavac\u0131lara, askeri toplama emri verilince, askerin tespit edilen yer ve zamanda bulunmalar\u0131 mecburiydi. Sava\u015flarda, fillerden de istifade ediliyordu. Timur Han\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131rr\u0131, son derece disiplinli ve d\u00fczenli bir orduya sahip olmas\u0131ndan kaynaklan\u0131r. Sava\u015flarda ba\u015far\u0131 g\u00f6sterenlere \u201csuyurgallar\u201d ihsan etti. Bir nevi ikt\u00e2 sistemi olan \u201cSuyurgal\u201d te\u015fkil\u00e2t\u0131, Timurlu ordusuna asker haz\u0131rl\u0131yordu. Timurlularda, b\u00fcy\u00fck devlet d\u00eev\u00e2n\u0131 karakterinde \u201cd\u00eev\u00e2n-\u0131 buzurg-\u0131 em\u00e2ret, d\u00eev\u00e2n-\u0131 em\u00e2ret-i tav\u00e2ciy\u00e2n\u201d denilen Tavac\u0131 D\u00eev\u00e2n\u0131 vard\u0131. Bu d\u00eev\u00e2n, T\u00fcrkle\u015fmi\u015f Mo\u011follardan meydana gelen ordunun i\u015flerine bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u201cT\u00fcrk d\u00eev\u00e2n\u0131\u201d denilmesi dikkat \u00e7ekicidir. T\u00fcrk d\u00eev\u00e2n\u0131, genelkurmay ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 mahiyetindeydi. \u00dcyelerine \u201cemir-i tavac\u0131\u201d veya \u201cd\u00eev\u00e2n beyi\u201d denirdi. <\/p>\n
Mal\u00ee meselelere \u201cd\u00eev\u00e2n-\u0131 m\u00e2l\u201d bakard\u0131. Ba\u015fkan\u0131na \u201cAm\u00eer-i d\u00eev\u00e2n-\u0131 m\u00e2l\u201d denirdi. Burada \u0130ranl\u0131 k\u00e2tipler vazife yapar, bunlara \u201cNuvisandag\u00e2n-\u0131 Tacik\u201d denirdi. Mo\u011fol vergi usul\u00fcnde toplanan \u201ctamga\u201d \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerden, ticaret ve zanaat sahipleriyle, k\u0131smen g\u00fcmr\u00fckten al\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131. <\/p>\n
Timurlu \u00fclkelerinden M\u00e2ver\u00e2\u00fcnnehir, Horasan ve \u0130sfahan\u2019da ziraat yap\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Osmanl\u0131lar, Meml\u00fbklar ve Bizansl\u0131larla ticaret yaparlard\u0131. Semerkand, Herat, \u00f6nemli ticaret merkezlerindendi. Urtak ad\u0131nda ticar\u00ee te\u015fkil\u00e2tlar\u0131 vard\u0131. Semerkand, \u015eiraz, Herat en \u00f6nemli Timurlu \u015fehirleri olup, h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar buralarda otururlard\u0131. <\/p>\n
Timurlular; k\u00fclt\u00fcr, sanat ve m\u00eemarl\u0131k alan\u0131nda muhte\u015fem eserler verdiler. Bu eserlerin ihti\u015fam\u0131na, bat\u0131l\u0131lar da hayran olup, buna Timurlu r\u00f6nesans\u0131 demi\u015flerdir. Eserleri h\u00e2l\u00e2 okunup faydalan\u0131lan \u00e2limler yeti\u015fti. Beh\u00e2edd\u00een-i Buh\u00e2r\u00ee, Al\u00e2\u00fcdd\u00een-i Att\u00e2r, H\u00e2ce Ubeydullah-\u0131 Ahr\u00e2r, Seyyid \u015eer\u00eef C\u00fcrc\u00e2n\u00ee, Y\u00e2k\u00fbb-i \u00c7erh\u00ee, Muhammed P\u00e2ris\u00e2, Mevl\u00e2n\u00e2 S\u00e2d\u00fcdd\u00een-i Ka\u015fg\u00e2r\u00ee, Niz\u00e2medd\u00een-i H\u00e2m\u00fb\u015f, Ali bin H\u00fcseyin, Abdullah-\u0131 \u0130l\u00e2h\u00ee, Abdullah-\u0131 Semerkand\u00ee dahil, daha pek \u00e7ok \u00e2lim ve tasavvuf ehli, Timurlular devrinde ya\u015fay\u0131p, yeti\u015fti. Timurlu hanlar\u0131ndan iltifat ve himaye g\u00f6rd\u00fc. <\/p>\n
Molla C\u00e2m\u00ee\u2019nin \u015eev\u00e2hid-\u00fcn-N\u00fcb\u00fcvve ve Nefeh\u00e2t isimli eserleri, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019ye de terc\u00fcme edildi. Daha pek \u00e7ok eseri olan Molla C\u00e2m\u00ee, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u015feyh\u00fclisl\u00e2m, \u00e2lim ve veliyyi k\u00e2mildi. <\/p>\n
Ulu\u011f Bey, Timurlu h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 ve hey\u2019et (astronomi) \u00e2limiydi. Z\u00eec-i Ulu\u011f\u00ee pek k\u0131ymetli olup, h\u00e2l\u00e2 faydalan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Semerkand\u2019da kurdu\u011fu rasathanenin ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 ve \u00e2limleri pek me\u015fhurdu. <\/p>\n
Do\u011fu T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi olan \u00c7a\u011fatayca’da me\u015fhur eserler veren Ali \u015e\u00eer Nev\u00e2\u00ee, Timurlulardan \u00e7ok itibar g\u00f6r\u00fcp, devlet hizmetinde vazife ald\u0131. Nev\u00e2\u00ee\u2019nin T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, Fars\u00e7a mukayeseli Muh\u00e2kemet-\u00fcl-L\u00fcg\u00e2teyn kitab\u0131 me\u015fhur olup, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e2lim Molla C\u00e2m\u00ee\u2019nin Nefeh\u00e2t, Fer\u00eed\u00fcdd\u00een-i Attar\u2019\u0131n da Mant\u0131k-\u00fct-Tayr eserlerini T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’ye \u00e7evirdi. Ali \u015e\u00eer Nev\u00e2\u00ee\u2019nin daha pek \u00e7ok eseri vard\u0131r. <\/p>\n
\u015eah Nimetullah-i Vel\u00ee, K\u00e2s\u0131m-\u0131 Env\u00e2r, H\u00e2f\u0131z-\u0131 \u015eir\u00e2z\u00ee, Kem\u00e2ledd\u00een-i Bin\u00e2\u00ee, Ni\u015f\u00e2p\u00fbrlu K\u00e2tib\u00ee, Sekk\u00e2k\u00ee, Heratl\u0131 L\u00fctf\u00ee, Abdullah H\u00e2tif\u00ee \u015f\u00e2ir olup, Timurlular devrinde tasavvuf\u00ee ve lirik \u015fiirler s\u00f6yleyip, yazd\u0131lar. <\/p>\n
Timurlu tarih\u00e7ilerinden H\u00e2f\u0131z-\u0131 Ebr\u00fb, Abd\u00fcrrezzak Semerkand\u00ee me\u015fhur olup, eserleri devrin kaynaklar\u0131ndand\u0131r. H\u00e2f\u0131z-\u0131 Ebr\u00fb’nun, d\u00f6rt b\u00f6l\u00fcm h\u00e2linde on iki eserden meydana gelen Mecmu\u00e2t-\u00fct-Tev\u00e2rih ve Abd\u00fcrrezzak\u2019\u0131n umum\u00ee tarih mahiyetindeki Matla-\u00fcs-Sa\u2019deyn adl\u0131 eseri vard\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Tabiat manzaras\u0131 ressam\u0131 ve minyat\u00fcrc\u00fc Kemaledd\u00een Behz\u00e2d, Timurlular devrinde yeti\u015fen me\u015fhur sanatk\u00e2rd\u0131r. Behz\u00e2d, tabiat resimleriyle an\u2019anev\u00ee minyat\u00fcr unsurlar\u0131n\u0131 birle\u015ftirerek, kitap s\u00fcslemesine yeni bir \u00e7ehre getirdi. M\u00eem\u00e2r\u00ee eserlerde y\u00fcksekli\u011fe, s\u00fcsleme ve renk zenginli\u011fine \u00f6nem verdiler. <\/p>\n
Timurlu hanlar\u0131, zaptettikleri beldelerin me\u015fhur m\u00eemar, usta, sanatk\u00e2r ve \u00e2limlerini ba\u015f\u015fehre getirtip, g\u00fczide eser vermelerini temin ederlerdi. Timurlu saraylar\u0131, cami, medrese, t\u00fcrbe ve derg\u00e2hlar\u0131 muhte\u015fem olup, yeni \u00fcslupla \u00e7ok zengin olarak in\u015f\u00e2 edilmi\u015fti. Semerkand\u2019da Bibi Han\u0131m Camii, G\u00fbr-i M\u00eer, \u015e\u00e2h-\u0131 Zinde T\u00fcrbesi, \u015eirin Bike A\u011fa, Hasan Bike ve \u00c7ocuk Bike, Olcay ve Bibi Zeynep kabirleri, Me\u015fhed\u2019de Gevher \u015ead Camii, Mescid-i \u015eah, Anov\u2019da Bab\u00fcr Camii, Herat\u2019ta Medrese, Yesi\u2019de Ahmed Yesev\u00ee T\u00fcrbesi, Timurlular\u0131n me\u015fhur m\u00eemarl\u0131k ve sanat eserlerindendir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Timur \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu (Timurlular, Timuro\u011fullar\u0131) Timur, kendi ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan b\u00fcy\u00fck T\u00fcrk \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun kurucusudur. 8 Nisan 1336’da, T\u00fcrkistan’\u0131n Ke\u015f \u015fehrinde d\u00fcnyaya geldi. Semerkand’\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde bulunan bu yerin, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc ad\u0131 “Yehr-i \u015eebz”dir. Babas\u0131, Barlas oyma\u011f\u0131n\u0131n beyi Turagay (Turgay), annesi Tekine Hatun idi. Barlas boyu, Orta Asya’dan gelen bir T\u00fcrk kavmidir. O devirde Barlas boyu, \u00c7a\u011fatay Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’na ba\u011fl\u0131 idi. …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1403,1406],"tags":[1900,1491,1902,1903,1874,1904,1899,1901,1905,1628],"class_list":["post-624","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-odevler","category-sosyal-bilgiler-odevleri","tag-timurlular","tag-ankara-savasi","tag-ganj-nehri","tag-iskender","tag-semerkand","tag-sultan-ii-murad","tag-timur-imparatorlugu","tag-timurogullari","tag-ulug-bey","tag-yildirim-bayezid"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/624","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=624"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/624\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=624"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=624"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=624"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}