Durgun elektrik \u00fczerindeki ilk \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar M.\u00f6 VI.y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan yunan filozof Thales(tales) taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.Thales,kehribar\u0131 hayvan postuna s\u00fcrt\u00fcp saman ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ka\u011f\u0131t par\u00e7alar\u0131na yakla\u015ft\u0131rld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bunlar\u0131 \u00e7ekti\u011fini g\u00f6zlemi\u015ftir.Daha sonra \u0130ngiliz bilgini William Gilbert bu \u00f6zelli\u011finin yanl\u0131z kehribara ait bir \u00f6zellik olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.Gilbert,cam ve plastik gibi maddelerin de y\u00fcnl\u00fc ipekli kuma\u015flara s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fckleri zaman zaman \u00e7\u00f6pleri \u00e7ekti\u011fini kan\u0131tlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.Bu olaylar\u0131n ve ya\u011fmurlu havalarda \u015fim\u015fek \u00e7akmas\u0131n\u0131n,y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m d\u00fc\u015fmesinin nedeni durgun elektriktir.G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde durgun elektri\u011fin uygulama alan\u0131 bulundu\u011fu pek \u00e7ok alan vard\u0131r.\u00d6rne\u011fin;fabrika bacalar\u0131ndaki toz tutturucular durgun elektirkle \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.Ka\u011f\u0131t,matbaa,tekstil ve petrol end\u00fcstrisinde durgun elektiri\u011fin olumsuz etkilerini \u00f6nleyen d\u00fczenekler vard\u0131r.Radyo,televizyon,hesap makinesi,fotokopi makinesi ve bilgisayarlar durgun elektri\u011fin geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde uygulama alan\u0131 bulundu\u011fu elektronik ara\u00e7lard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Elektrikle \u0130lk Tan\u0131\u015fma:Cisimlerin Elektriklenmesi<\/p>\n
Kehribar,cam,ebonit,tarak gibi cisimler y\u00fcnl\u00fc bir kuma\u015f par\u00e7as\u0131na ya da bir hayvan postuna s\u00fcrt\u00fcl\u00fcrse ka\u011f\u0131t ve saman par\u00e7alar\u0131 gibi hafif cisimlerri kendilerine \u00e7ekerler.Y\u00fcnl\u00fc kuma\u015fa s\u00fcrt\u00fclen balon,musluktan akan suyun yolunu de\u011fi\u015ftirir.bu t\u00fcr \u00f6zellik kazanm\u0131\u015f cisimlere elektriklenmi\u015f yada eletrikle y\u00fcklenmi\u015f cisimler denir.kuma\u015fa s\u00fcrt\u00fclmeyen cam \u00e7ubuk,kehribar,ebonit \u00e7ubuk gibi cisimler y\u00fcks\u00fczd\u00fcr ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ka\u011f\u0131t par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekmez.Y\u00fcnl\u00fc yada ipek kuma\u015fa ds\u00fcrt\u00fclen kehribar,ebonit ve cam \u00e7ubuk elektirklenir.bu durumda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ka\u011f\u0131t par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7eker.Demir ve bak\u0131r \u00e7ubuk yada bunlardan yap\u0131lan e\u015fyalar s\u00fcrtme ile etkilenmez ve ka\u011f\u0131t par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekmez.Ancak yal\u0131tkan bir sapla tutularak kuma\u015f par\u00e7as\u0131na s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fcklerinde elektriklenirler.Bu durumda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ka\u011f\u0131t par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekerler.<\/p>\n
Elektrik Y\u00fckleri Aaras\u0131ndaki \u0130tme ve \u00c7ekme<\/p>\n
Elimizde iki cam \u00e7ubuk alal\u0131m.Bu \u00e7ubuklar\u0131 birbirinden ay\u0131rt etmek i\u00e7in birinin \u00fczerine K,di\u011ferine L,harflerini yazal\u0131m.K ile L cam \u00e7ubuklar\u0131n\u0131 ipek kuma\u015fa s\u00fcrterek elektrikle y\u00fckleyelim.Sonra \u015eekil III,1 deki gibi K cam \u00e7ubu\u011funu dengede tutucak \u015fekilde ortas\u0131ndan iple asal\u0131m.Daha sonra L cam \u00e7ubu\u011fu K \u00e7ubu\u011funa yakla\u015ft\u0131ral\u0131m.Bu durumda y\u00fckl\u00fc cam \u00e7ubuklar birbirini iter.Cam \u00e7ubuklar\u0131n birbirii itmesi,cam \u00e7ubuklar\u0131n ayn\u0131 t\u00fcr elektrikle y\u00fcklendiklerini g\u00f6sterir.Bu kezde ebonit \u00e7ubu\u011fu y\u00fcnl\u00fc kuma\u015fa s\u00fcrterek elektirkle y\u00fckleyelim.Sonra \u015eekil III.2 dekibir iple as\u0131l\u0131 ve y\u00fckl\u00fc K cam \u00e7ubu\u011funa yakla\u015ft\u0131ral\u0131m.Y\u00fckl\u00fc ebonit \u00e7ubuk,y\u00fckl\u00fc cam \u00e7ubu\u011fu \u00e7eker.Y\u00fckl\u00fc cam \u00e7ubu\u011fun y\u00fckl\u00fc ebonit \u00e7ubu\u011fu \u00e7ekmesi;cam \u00e7ubuk ile ebonit \u00e7ubu\u011fun farkl\u0131 t\u00fcr elektrikle y\u00fcklendiklerini g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n
\u0130ki T\u00fcr Elektrik:Art\u0131 ve Eksi Y\u00fckler<\/p>\n
Amerikal\u0131 filazof ve devletin adam\u0131 Benjamin Franlin ipek kuma\u015fa s\u00fcrt\u00fclen cam \u00e7ubu\u011fun y\u00fck\u00fcne art\u0131 y\u00fck;y\u00fcnl\u00fc kuma\u015fa s\u00fcrt\u00fclen ebonit \u00e7ubu\u011fun y\u00fck\u00fcne ise eksi y\u00fck ad\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir.Bizde cam \u00e7ubuk ve onun gibi davranan cisimlere art\u0131 y\u00fckl\u00fc;ebonit \u00e7ubuk ve onun gibi davranan cisimlere eksi y\u00fckl\u00fc cisimler diyece\u011fiz.Ayn\u0131 maddelerden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f cisimler,y\u00fcnl\u00fc kuma\u015f par\u00e7as\u0131na s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fcklerinde hep ayn\u0131 t\u00fcr elektirk y\u00fck\u00fc ile y\u00fcklenir.Ayn\u0131 t\u00fcr durgun elektrik y\u00fck\u00fcne sahip cisimler,t\u0131pk\u0131 m\u0131knat\u0131s\u0131n ayn\u0131 kutuplar\u0131 gibi birbirlerini iter.Ayn\u0131 t\u00fcr durgun elektrikle y\u00fckl\u00fc iki cisim daha \u00e7ok y\u00fck kazan\u0131rsa birbirine yakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 zaman aral\u0131klar\u0131ndaki uzakl\u0131k sada da artar.Bu nedenle y\u00fckl\u00fc iki cisim aras\u0131ndaki itme kuvveti,y\u00fck\u00fcn miktar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.Farkl\u0131 t\u00fcr durgun elektrik y\u00fck\u00fcne sahip cisimler ise birbirne \u00e7eker.\u00c7ekme kuvveti de farkl\u0131 y\u00fckl\u00fc cisimlerin sahip olduklar\u0131 y\u00fck miktar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Elektrik Kayna\u011f\u0131:Maddenin Temel Ta\u015f\u0131 Atomlar<\/p>\n
Bir par\u00e7a bak\u0131r teli ortas\u0131ndan keserek \u00f6nce iki par\u00e7aya b\u00f6lelim.Sonra par\u00e7alardan birini tekrar ikiye b\u00f6lerek b\u00f6lme i\u015flemine art arda devam edelim.Sonu\u00e7ta bak\u0131r telin \u00f6zelliklerini ta\u015f\u0131yan en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck birime ula\u015f\u0131l\u0131r.Bu birime bak\u0131r atomu denir.Elektrik y\u00fcklerini a\u00e7\u0131klamak i\u00e7in genelllikle atomlar\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131ndan yararlan\u0131l\u0131r.Atom,n\u00f6tron,proton ve elektron denilen \u00fc\u00e7 temel par\u00e7ac\u0131ktan olu\u015fur.Bunlardan n\u00f6tron ve proton atamun \u00e7ekirde\u011finde,elektronlar ise atom \u00e7ekirde\u011finin \u00e7evresinde yer al\u0131r.Elektronlar eksi y\u00fckl\u00fc,protonlar art\u0131 y\u00fckl\u00fc,n\u00f6tronlar ise y\u00fcks\u00fczd\u00fcr.De\u011fi\u015fik elementlerin atomlar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fik say\u0131da proton ve elektron i\u00e7erir.Ancak ayn\u0131 elementin atomlar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7erdi\u011fi protonlar\u0131n ve elektronlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 birbirine e\u015fittir.Atom \u00e7ekirde\u011findeki proton say\u0131s\u0131 ile \u00e7ekirde\u011fin \u00e7evresinde dolanan eletron say\u0131s\u0131 e\u015fit ise o atom n\u00f6trd\u00fcr. <\/p>\n
Dokunma ve Etki ile Elektriklenme<\/p>\n
Bir cismin elektrikle y\u00fckl\u00fc olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yada elektrikle y\u00fckl\u00fc ise hangi t\u00fcr elektrikle y\u00fckl\u00fc oldu\u011funu anlamak i\u00e7in elektroskop ad\u0131 verilen ara\u00e7tan yararlan\u0131l\u0131r.Elektroskop,koruyucu bir cam ve metal k\u00fcre ile a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131p kapanabilen metal yapraklardan olu\u015fur.S\u00fcrtme ile y\u00fcklenmi\u015f bir cisim elektroskopun metal tablas\u0131na dokundurulursa elektroskobun yapraklar\u0131 ayn\u0131 y\u00fckle y\u00fcklenece\u011finden birbirini iter.Ayn\u0131 zamanda g\u00f6sterge g\u00f6revi yapan metal yaprak bir mil \u00fczerinde d\u00f6nebildi\u011finden g\u00f6sterge kadran\u0131 \u00fczerinde sapar.G\u00f6stergesinde sapma olu\u015fan elektroskoba y\u00fckl\u00fc elektroskop denir.Elektirk y\u00fckl\u00fc bir elektroskop toprakland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda n\u00f6tr duruma gelir.Negatif y\u00fckl\u00fc bir elektroskop toprakland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda fazla elektronlar topra\u011fa at\u0131l\u0131r.Pozitif y\u00fckl\u00fc bir elektroskop toprakland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise topraktan elektronlar elektroskoba gelir ve elektroskobu n\u00f6tr duruma getirir.Yukar\u0131daki deneyde y\u00fckl\u00fc cam yada ebonit \u00e7ubu\u011fu elektroskobun tablas\u0131na dokundurdu\u011fumuzda elektroskobun yapraklar\u0131 ayn\u0131 y\u00fckle y\u00fcklenir.<\/p>\n
Ayn\u0131 y\u00fckler birbirini itti\u011finden elektroskobun yapraklar\u0131 birbirinden ayr\u0131l\u0131r.Y\u00fckl\u00fc bir elektroskoba yine y\u00fckl\u00fc bir cisim yakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda elektroskobun yapraklar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131yorsa cisim ile elektorskobun ayn\u0131 y\u00fckle y\u00fckl\u00fc olduklar\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r.Tersine elektroskobun yapraklar\u0131 kapan\u0131yorsa elektroskop ve cismin farkl\u0131 y\u00fcklere sahip olduklar\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Elektroskoba dokunulmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece,elektroskobun yapraklar\u0131 uzun s\u00fcre a\u00e7\u0131k kal\u0131r.bu da bize dokunma ile y\u00fcklenmenin kal\u0131c\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir.Ancak y\u00fckl\u00fc bir elektroskop zamanla hava ile etkile\u015ferek bo\u015fal\u0131r.Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z deneylerle de g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz bir y\u00fckl\u00fc bir cismin,y\u00fcks\u00fcz olan baz\u0131 cisimlere yakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda onlar\u0131 uzaktan etki ile ge\u00e7ici olarak y\u00fckler etkiyle ge\u00e7ici olarak y\u00fcklenmede cisimdeki toplam y\u00fck s\u0131f\u0131r oldu\u011fundan etkinin ortadan kalkmas\u0131 halinde etkiyle y\u00fcklenen cisim ilk haline d\u00f6ner ancak etki ile y\u00fcklenen cismin toprakla ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 sa\u011flan\u0131rsa cisim kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak y\u00fcklenir.Yap\u0131lan deneyler metallerin elektrik y\u00fcklerini eletronlar\u0131n metal \u00fczerindeki hareketi ile ieltti\u011fini,ebonit ve cam\u0131n ise elektrik y\u00fcklerini iletmedi\u011fi g\u00f6sterir.Bu nedenle elektrik y\u00fckleri ileten cisimlere ileten elektrik y\u00fcklerini iletmeyen cisimlere de yal\u0131tkan cisimler denir.<\/p>\n
\u0130letken ve Yal\u0131tkan Maddeler<\/p>\n
Yap\u0131lan b\u00fct\u00fcn deneyler elektriklenme olaylar\u0131nda toplam elektrik y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fcn de\u011fi\u015fmedi\u011fini,sadece bir yerden ba\u015fka bir yere gitti\u011fini eletrik y\u00fcklerinin yok edilmeyece\u011fini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.Nas\u0131l ki k\u00fctle yok edilmez ve yoktan var edilmez ise elektrik y\u00fckleri de yok edilemez ve yoktan var edilemez.Bu y\u00fcklerin korunumu yasas\u0131 olarak bilinir.B\u00fct\u00fcn kat\u0131 cisimler elektiri\u011fi iletebilirmi?Elektri\u011fi iletebiliyorsa bu kat\u0131 maddelerin elektri\u011fi iletme e\u011filimleri farkl\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r.?Bu sorular\u0131 yan\u0131tlamak i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki deneyleri yapal\u0131m.Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z deneylerde bak\u0131r tel,\u00e7ivi,kap\u0131 anahtar\u0131 gelin teli gibi kat\u0131lar\u0131n elektirk ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 iletti\u011fini;cam \u00e7ubuk,tahta,silgi,cetvel,ka\u011f\u0131t gibi kat\u0131lar\u0131n eleltrik ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 iletmedi\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz.Elektirk y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fcn i\u00e7inde akabildi\u011fi maddelere iletkenler denildi\u011fini biliyoruz.baz\u0131 iletken ve yal\u0131tkan maddeler verilmi\u015ftir.Bu maddelerle deneyinizde kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z maddeleri kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n\u0131z.Metaller \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131k derecelerie kadar so\u011futulduklar\u0131nda baz\u0131 seramik malzemeler ise y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131k derecelerie kadar \u0131s\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131nda elektri\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 diren\u00e7 g\u00f6steremezler.Elektri\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 diren\u00e7 g\u00f6stermeyen iltekene s\u00fcper iletken denir.<\/p>\n
Atmosferde Do\u011fal Elektriklenme:\u015eim\u015fek,Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m<\/p>\n
Bir balonun \u00e7evresindeki eksi y\u00fck \u00e7evreye zarar vermeden havaya yada yere akar.Oysa bir bulut y\u00fcklendi\u011finde bo\u015falmas\u0131 hemtehlikeli hemde \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 olur.Topra\u011f\u0131n iletken oldu\u011funu biliyoruz.Toprak bir t\u00fcr elektron okyonusudur.Bu nedenle topraktan istenildi\u011fi kadar elektron al\u0131nabilece\u011fi gibi istenildi\u011fi kadarda elektron verilebilir.Bulutlar su taneciklerinden olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n
F\u0131rt\u0131nal\u0131 ve ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131 havalarda olu\u015fan bir bulutun \u00fcst tabakas\u0131 ile alt tabakas\u0131 aras\u0131ndakis\u0131cakl\u0131k fark\u0131 hava ak\u0131mlar\u0131 buluttaki su taneciklerinin s\u00fcrt\u00fcnme ile elektirklenmelerine neden olur.Bunun sonucunda bulutun \u00fcst tabakalar\u0131 art\u0131 alt tabakalar\u0131ise eksi y\u00fckl\u00fc duruma gecer etkiyle elektriklenme sonucu bulutlar\u0131n alt\u0131na gelen toprak da z\u0131t y\u00fckle yani art\u0131 y\u00fckle y\u00fcklenir.Bu t\u00fcr bir y\u00fcklenme bulutlar\u0131n aras\u0131ndada olu\u015fur.Bulutun elektriklenmesi art\u0131k\u00e7a yal\u0131tkan olan havay\u0131 iletken duruma ge\u00e7irir.Hava iletken hale gelince bulutla yer aras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131v\u0131lc\u0131m \u015feklinde \u00e7ok \u015fiddetli bir elektrik bo\u015falmas\u0131 olur.Elektri\u011fin bulutla yer aras\u0131nda g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcl\u00fc bir bi\u00e7imde \u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131 bir yol izleyerek ge\u00e7i\u015fine y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m ad\u0131 verilir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Durgun elektrik \u00fczerindeki ilk \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar M.\u00f6 VI.y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan yunan filozof Thales(tales) taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.Thales,kehribar\u0131 hayvan postuna s\u00fcrt\u00fcp saman ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ka\u011f\u0131t par\u00e7alar\u0131na yakla\u015ft\u0131rld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bunlar\u0131 \u00e7ekti\u011fini g\u00f6zlemi\u015ftir.Daha sonra \u0130ngiliz bilgini William Gilbert bu \u00f6zelli\u011finin yanl\u0131z kehribara ait bir \u00f6zellik olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.Gilbert,cam ve plastik gibi maddelerin de y\u00fcnl\u00fc ipekli kuma\u015flara s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fckleri zaman zaman \u00e7\u00f6pleri \u00e7ekti\u011fini kan\u0131tlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.Bu …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[3586,11653,11652,11654,11655,2139,2138,3061,2131,11656],"class_list":["post-6268","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-atomlar","tag-dokunma-ve-etki-ile-elektriklenme","tag-durgun-elektrik","tag-elektroskob","tag-iletken-ve-yalitkan-maddeler","tag-notron","tag-proton","tag-simsek","tag-thales","tag-yildirim"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6268","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6268"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6268\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6268"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6268"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6268"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}