Astrahan (Ast\u0131rhan) Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (1466-1577)<\/p>\n
Astrahan Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u0130til (Volga) Nehri’nin Hazar Denizi’ne d\u00f6k\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yerde, Astrahan \u015fehrinde kurulmu\u015ftur (1466). Astrahan \u015fehrinin as\u0131l ad\u0131 Hac\u0131 Tarhan idi. Alt\u0131n Ordu hanlar\u0131ndan K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Muhammed’in torunu Kas\u0131m Han taraf\u0131ndan kurulan bu hanl\u0131k, ancak 91 y\u0131l ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z kalabildi.
\n Astrahan m\u0131nt\u0131kas\u0131, Orta Asya ile G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Avrupa bozk\u0131rlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda tabi\u00ee bir ge\u00e7it te\u015fkil etti\u011fi i\u00e7in, as\u0131rlarca T\u00fcrk kavimlerinin do\u011fudan bat\u0131ya do\u011fru giden ak\u0131nlar\u0131na ve bunlar taraf\u0131ndan kurulan bir\u00e7ok devlet te\u015fkil\u00e2tlar\u0131na sahne olmu\u015ftur. Biz burada, 5. as\u0131rda Bulgarlar’\u0131, 7-10. as\u0131rda Hazarlar’\u0131, 10. as\u0131rda Pe\u00e7enekler’i, 11. as\u0131rda Kumanlar’\u0131 buluyor ve nihayet 13. as\u0131rdan itibaren, Mo\u011follar’\u0131n rehberli\u011fi alt\u0131nda harekete ge\u00e7en, yeni ve kuvvetli bir dalgan\u0131n gelmesiyle, Alt\u0131n Ordu ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir devletin kuruldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz.<\/p>\n
15. asr\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru, merkez\u00ee kuvvetin zay\u0131flamas\u0131 ile, da\u011f\u0131lmak mecburiyetinde kalan Alt\u0131n Ordu devleti sahas\u0131nda, Kazan, K\u0131r\u0131m hanl\u0131klar\u0131 ile Nogay Ordas\u0131 yan\u0131nda, payitaht\u0131 Astrahan olmak \u00fczere, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Muhammed’in torunu, Mahmud o\u011flu Kas\u0131m Han taraf\u0131ndan bir de Astrahan Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tesis edilmi\u015ftir (1466). En m\u00fchim ticaret yolu \u00fczerinde bulundu\u011fu ve zenginli\u011fi y\u00fcz\u00fcnden kom\u015fu devletler ile g\u00f6\u00e7ebe kabileleri celbederek, bunlar\u0131n daim\u00ee h\u00fccumlar\u0131na maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, i\u00e7 istikrar\u0131n\u0131 bulamayan bu T\u00fcrk hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve devaml\u0131 bir varl\u0131k g\u00f6sterememi\u015ftir. Ahalinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6\u00e7ebe olup, merkez\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmetten ziyade, kendi beylerine ba\u011fl\u0131 kalmalar\u0131 da, Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n zay\u0131flamas\u0131na sebep olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
Astrahan Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Kas\u0131m Han (1466-1490) ile karde\u015fi Abd\u00fclkerim Han (1499-1504) devirlerinde, merkezi Saray olmak \u00fczere, eski Alt\u0131n Ordu’nun bir k\u0131sm\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren amcalar\u0131 ile i\u015fbirli\u011fi temini sayesinde, nispeten sakin bir hayat ya\u015fam\u0131\u015fsa da, devletin son devirleri, bilhassa K\u0131r\u0131m Han\u0131 Mengli Giray’\u0131n, Saray’\u0131 tahribinden sonra (1502), kom\u015fu K\u0131r\u0131m Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile Nogay Orda’s\u0131n\u0131n, bu m\u0131nt\u0131kay\u0131 kendi n\u00fcfuzlar\u0131 alt\u0131nda bulundurmak i\u00e7in yapt\u0131klar\u0131 m\u00fccadeleler i\u00e7inde ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Bu m\u00fccadelelerin, i\u00e7 vaziyeti ne kadar sarsm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu, hanlar\u0131n s\u0131k s\u0131k de\u011fi\u015fmeleri de a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n
Rus \u00c7ar\u0131 IV. \u0130van, Kazan Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kuvvetlerini ma\u011fl\u00fbp edip, Kazan’\u0131 zaptettikten sonra (1552), Astrahan \u00fczerine asker sevk ederek kendi tabii s\u0131fat\u0131yla \u015eeyh Haydar o\u011flu Dervi\u015f Han’\u0131 tahta ge\u00e7irmi\u015f (1554), fakat Dervi\u015f Han’\u0131n, Ruslar aleyhine K\u0131r\u0131ml\u0131larla m\u00fcnasebete giri\u015fmesi \u00fczerine, tekrar asker sevk edip, Astrahan Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, \u00c7arl\u0131\u011fa ilhak etmi\u015ftir (1557). Dervi\u015f Han, ka\u00e7arak, Azak kalesine s\u0131\u011f\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Gerek yerli T\u00fcrk kuvvetleri ve gerek K\u0131r\u0131m ve T\u00fcrkiye, Ruslar’\u0131n buralara kadar uzanarak, T\u00fcrkler’in arkas\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fmelerinin iyi bir netice vermeyece\u011fini anlam\u0131\u015flar ve m\u00fchim m\u0131nt\u0131kan\u0131n T\u00fcrkler elinde kalmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Fakat kuvvetlerin birlikte hareket etmelerinin temin edilememesi, bu yoldaki te\u015febb\u00fcsleri neticesiz b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden Kanun\u00ee Sultan S\u00fcleyman’\u0131n 1563’te yapmak istedi\u011fi sefer, Malta seferi de araya girdi\u011fi i\u00e7in, yap\u0131lamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
II. Selim Han devrinde, Sokullu Mehmed Pa\u015fa, gerek \u0130ran seferi i\u00e7in nakliyat\u0131 ve gerek T\u00fcrkiye ile T\u00fcrkistan aras\u0131nda ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131 temin etmek i\u00e7in, Don ile \u0130dil (Volga) nehirleri aras\u0131nda bir kanal a\u00e7arak, Karadeniz ile Hazar denizini birle\u015ftirmek istemi\u015fti. Bu maksatla Astrahan seferine karar verilmi\u015f ve 1567’de seferin madd\u00ee ve manev\u00ee bak\u0131mdan zarur\u00ee oldu\u011fu izah edilerek, K\u0131r\u0131m Han’\u0131na yaz\u0131 g\u00f6nderilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n
Nihayet 1569 senesinin ilkbahar\u0131nda, Kefe Beyi Kas\u0131m Bey kumandas\u0131nda, 3000 yeni\u00e7eri ile 20.000 sipahi g\u00f6nderilmi\u015f, Silistre, Ni\u011fbolu, K\u00f6stendil, Amasya, Canik ve \u00c7orum alay beyleri ve 30.000 asker ile Devlet Giray da onlara kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Bu kuvvetler himayesinde, kanal\u0131n kaz\u0131lmas\u0131, ancak ba\u015flanmakla kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Karadan hareket eden kuvvetler, Eyl\u00fclde Astrahan yak\u0131nlar\u0131na gelince, k\u0131\u015flamak \u00fczere bir istihk\u00e2m da yap\u0131lma\u011fa ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Fakat asker aras\u0131nda yay\u0131lan haberlerden ku\u015fkulanan Kas\u0131m Bey, Devlet Giray’\u0131n da te\u015fviki ile, a\u011fa\u00e7tan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan istihk\u00e2mlar\u0131 yakarak, 20 Eyl\u00fcl’de K\u0131r\u0131m’a geri \u00e7ekilmek mecburiyetinde kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
III. Murad Han zaman\u0131nda, Astrahan meselesi tekrar g\u00fcndeme gelmi\u015f, Rus \u00c7ar\u0131 nezdinde te\u015febb\u00fcsler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve nihayet bir sefere karar verilmi\u015fse de, bunun da arkas\u0131 gelmemi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece, d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n kuvvetinden ziyade T\u00fcrk zimamdarlar\u0131n\u0131n kendi aralar\u0131nda anla\u015famamas\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden, bu T\u00fcrk \u00fclkesinin mukadderat\u0131, uzun bir zaman i\u00e7in tayin edilmi\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n
Astrahan \u015fehri, Alt\u0131n Ordu Devleti’nin ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7lar\u0131nda, eski Hazar Devleti’nin merkezi olan \u0130til \u015fehri civar\u0131nda, \u015fehrin sa\u011f sahilinde kurulmu\u015f ve ticaret liman\u0131 olarak ehemmiyetini bug\u00fcne kadar muhafaza etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
\u0130bn Battuta’n\u0131n “b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131lar\u0131 havi, pek g\u00fczel bir \u015fehir” diye tarif etti\u011fi bu \u015fehrin, o zamanlarda hanlar\u0131n yazl\u0131k ikametg\u00e2hlar\u0131 oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. A. Kontarini, \u015fehrin, han\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7 ye\u011fenine ait oldu\u011funu ve bunlar\u0131n da burada yaln\u0131z k\u0131\u015f\u0131n birka\u00e7 ay kald\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, al\u00e7ak duvar ile \u00e7evrilmi\u015f olan bu b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehrin, evlerinin pek iyi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve yak\u0131nda tahrip edilmi\u015f olmalar\u0131 icab eden b\u00fcy\u00fck binalar\u0131n harabeleri bulundu\u011funu zikrettikten sonra, \u015fehrin evvelce m\u00fchim ticaret merkezi olup, Bizans’tan Don yolu ile her nevi mal\u0131n geldi\u011fi s\u00f6ylendi\u011fini kaydediyor.<\/p>\n
\u015eehir 1395\/1396’da Timur Han taraf\u0131ndan tahrip edilmi\u015fse de, 15. as\u0131rda, bilhassa Alt\u0131n Ordu’nun payitaht\u0131 olan Saray’\u0131n inhitat\u0131ndan sonra, tekrar, ticaret merkezi olarak eski ehemmiyetini kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Astrahan (Ast\u0131rhan) Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (1466-1577) Astrahan Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u0130til (Volga) Nehri’nin Hazar Denizi’ne d\u00f6k\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yerde, Astrahan \u015fehrinde kurulmu\u015ftur (1466). Astrahan \u015fehrinin as\u0131l ad\u0131 Hac\u0131 Tarhan idi. Alt\u0131n Ordu hanlar\u0131ndan K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Muhammed’in torunu Kas\u0131m Han taraf\u0131ndan kurulan bu hanl\u0131k, ancak 91 y\u0131l ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z kalabildi. Astrahan m\u0131nt\u0131kas\u0131, Orta Asya ile G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Avrupa bozk\u0131rlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda tabi\u00ee bir ge\u00e7it te\u015fkil etti\u011fi …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1403,1406],"tags":[1910,1909,1913,1617,1912,1911],"class_list":["post-628","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-odevler","category-sosyal-bilgiler-odevleri","tag-astirhan-hanligi","tag-astrahan-hanligi","tag-ibn-battuta","tag-ii-selim","tag-iii-murad","tag-sokullu-mehmed-pasa"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/628","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=628"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/628\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=628"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=628"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=628"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}