Atom K\u00fctlesi
\n Maddeyi olu\u015fturan tanecikler (atomlar, molek\u00fcller, iyonlar) en hassas terazilerle bile tart\u0131lamayacak kadar hafiftir. Bu nedenle madde miktar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmada bunlar\u0131n ger\u00e7ek k\u00fctleleri kullan\u0131lamaz. Ancak kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma yoluyla bir atomun di\u011fer bir atomdan ka\u00e7 kat a\u011f\u0131r ya da hafif oldu\u011fu belirlenebilir. Bilim adamlar\u0131 karbonun do\u011fada en \u00e7ok bulunan atomunu (C-12 izotopu) kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma atomu olarak se\u00e7mi\u015fler ve di\u011fer atomlar\u0131n k\u00fctlelerinin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma atomunun k\u00fctlesinin ka\u00e7 kat\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steren bir k\u00fctle birim sistemi geli\u015ftirmi\u015flerdir. Bu sistemde C-12 izotopunun k\u00fctlesi 12,0000 kabul edilmi\u015f ve bunun 1\/12 sine 1 atomik k\u00fctle birimi (akb) denilmi\u015ftir. Buna g\u00f6re karbonun atom k\u00fctlesi 12 akb dir. Karbon atomundan 12 kez hafif olan hidrojenin atom k\u00fctlesi 1 akb, 2 kat a\u011f\u0131r olan magnezyumun atom k\u00fctlesi 24 akb dir.
\n Atomlar\u0131n C-12 atomunun k\u00fctlesine g\u00f6re belirlenen k\u00fctlelerine ba\u011f\u0131l atom k\u00fctlesi denir. Elementlerin ba\u011f\u0131l atom k\u00fctleleri birimsiz olarak da verilebilir. C:12, Mg:24, O:16, Ag:108 gibi.
\n Molek\u00fcl K\u00fctlesi
\n Bir bile\u015fi\u011fin bir molek\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturan atomlar\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131l k\u00fctleleri toplam\u0131na bile\u015fi\u011fin molek\u00fcl k\u00fctlesi denir. \u00d6rne\u011fin; suyun molek\u00fcl k\u00fctlesi 2 tane H ve 1 tane O atomunun ba\u011f\u0131l k\u00fctleleri toplam\u0131na e\u015fittir.
\n H2O nun molek\u00fcl k\u00fctlesi = 2×1 +1×16 = 18 akb
\n Form\u00fcl K\u00fctlesi
\n \u0130yonik bile\u015fiklerin en basit birimi molek\u00fcl de\u011fil iyonlard\u0131r. Bu nedenle iyonik bile\u015fikler i\u00e7in molek\u00fcl k\u00fctlesi terimi \u00e7ok do\u011fru de\u011fildir. Bunun yerine t\u00fcm bile\u015fikler i\u00e7in molek\u00fcl k\u00fctlesi yerine form\u00fcl k\u00fctlesi terimini kullanmak daha do\u011frudur.
\n KNO3 \u00fcn form\u00fcl (molek\u00fcl) k\u00fctlesi = 1×39 + 1×14 + 3×16 = 101 akb
\n Mol ve Avogadro Say\u0131s\u0131
\n \u0130talyan bilim adam\u0131 Avogadro C-12 atomunun atom k\u00fctlesine e\u015fit gram miktar\u0131nda (12,0000 g) 6,02×1023 tane atom bulundu\u011funu saptam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 6,02×1023 say\u0131s\u0131na Avogadro say\u0131s\u0131 denir ve NA ile g\u00f6sterilir.
\n Daha sonra t\u00fcm elementlerin ba\u011f\u0131l atom k\u00fctlesine e\u015fit gram miktarlar\u0131nda 6,02×1023 tane atomun bulundu\u011fu saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n 12 g C = 6,02×1023 tane C atomu
\n 16 g O = 6,02×1023 tane O atomu
\n 6,02×1023 say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n maddenin i\u00e7erdi\u011fi tanecik say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7mede kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6ren kimyac\u0131lar bu say\u0131y\u0131 mol olarak adland\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Mol, deste, d\u00fczine gibi bir sayma birimidir. Herhangi bir maddenin Avogadro say\u0131s\u0131 (6,02×1023) kadar taneci\u011fine 1 mol denir.
\n 6,02×1023 tane C atomu = 1 mol C atomu
\n 6,02×1023 tane H2O molek\u00fcl\u00fc = 1 mol su molek\u00fcl\u00fc
\n Mol K\u00fctlesi
\n Bir elementin 1 mol atomunun gram olarak k\u00fctlesine o elementin mol k\u00fctlesi (ya da 1 atom-gram\u0131) denir. Mol k\u00fctlesi MK ile g\u00f6sterilir, birimi g\/mol d\u00fcr. Bir elementin mol k\u00fctlesi, say\u0131ca o elementin atom k\u00fctlesine e\u015fittir. \u00d6rne\u011fin; sodyumun ba\u011f\u0131l atom k\u00fctlesi 23, sodyumun mol k\u00fctlesi 23 g\/mol d\u00fcr.
\n 6,02×1023 tane H atomu = 1 mol H atomu = 1g [ MK(H)=1g\/mol]
\n Bir bile\u015fi\u011fin 1 mol molek\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fcn gram olarak k\u00fctlesine o bile\u015fi\u011fin mol k\u00fctlesi (ya da 1 molek\u00fcl gram\u0131) denir. Bir bile\u015fi\u011fin mol k\u00fctlesi, o bile\u015fi\u011fin molek\u00fcl k\u00fctlesinin gram olarak de\u011ferine e\u015fittir. \u00d6rne\u011fin; suyun molek\u00fcl k\u00fctlesi 18 (akb), mol k\u00fctlesi 18 g\/mol d\u00fcr.
\n 6,02×1023 tane CO2 molek\u00fcl\u00fc = 1 mol CO2 molek\u00fcl\u00fc = 44 g [ MK(CO2)= 44 g\/mol]
\n Bir elementin mol k\u00fctlesi, bu elementin 6,02×1023 atomunun k\u00fctlesine e\u015fittir. Bu elementin bir tek atomunun k\u00fctlesine ger\u00e7ek atom k\u00fctlesi denir. Bir elementin ger\u00e7ek atom k\u00fctlesi mol k\u00fctlesinin Avogadro say\u0131s\u0131na b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesiyle bulunur. <\/p>\n
\u00d6rne\u011fin; demirin mol k\u00fctlesi 56 gramd\u0131r. Demir atomunun ger\u00e7ek k\u00fctlesi; 56\/6,02×1023=9,3×10-23 gramd\u0131r.
\n Benzer \u015fekilde bir molek\u00fcl\u00fcn ger\u00e7ek k\u00fctlesi, mol k\u00fctlesinin Avogadro say\u0131s\u0131na b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesiyle hesaplan\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin; su molek\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fcn k\u00fctlesi; 18\/6,02×1023 \u2248 3×10-23 gramd\u0131r.
\n K\u00fctle \u2013 akb \u0130li\u015fkisi
\n C atomunun mol k\u00fctlesi 12,0000 g oldu\u011funa g\u00f6re, bir C atomunun k\u00fctlesi; 12\/NA gramd\u0131r. C atomu k\u00fctlesinin 1\/12 si 1 akb dir. O halde 1 akb nin gram olarak e\u015fde\u011feri; 12\/(NA x12) =1\/ NA d\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re; <\/p>\n
Molar Hacim
\n Bir maddenin 1 mol \u00fcn\u00fcn hacmine molar hacim denir. Kat\u0131lar ve s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131n molar hacimleri maddeden maddeye de\u011fi\u015fir. Ancak ayn\u0131 ko\u015fullarda b\u00fct\u00fcn gazlar\u0131n molar hacimleri birbirine e\u015fittir.S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n 0\u00b0C (273 K), bas\u0131nc\u0131n 1 atm oldu\u011fu ko\u015fullara normal ko\u015fullar; s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n 25 \u00b0C (298 K), bas\u0131nc\u0131n 1 atm oldu\u011fu ko\u015fullara oda ko\u015fullar\u0131 denir. B\u00fct\u00fcn gazlar\u0131n molar hacimleri, normal ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda (NKA) 22,4 litre, oda ko\u015fullar\u0131nda 24,5 litredir.
\n Buraya kadar \u00f6\u011frendiklerimizi birka\u00e7 gaz i\u00e7in \u015f\u00f6yle \u00f6zetlenebilir.
\n 6,02×1023 H2 molek\u00fcl\u00fc = 1 mol H2 molek\u00fcl\u00fc = 2 g = 22,4 L (NKA)
\n 6,02×1023 CH4 molek\u00fcl\u00fc = 1 mol CH4 molek\u00fcl\u00fc = 64 g = 22,4 L (NKA)
\n 6,02×1023 SO2 molek\u00fcl\u00fc = 1 mol SO2 molek\u00fcl\u00fc = 64 g = 22,4 L (NKA)
\n Ayn\u0131 ko\u015fullarda gazlar\u0131n molar hacimlerinin e\u015fit olmas\u0131, hacimleri e\u015fit olan gazlar\u0131n mol say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n e\u015fit olmas\u0131 demektir. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle ayn\u0131 ko\u015fullarda bulunan iki gaz\u0131n hacimleri oran\u0131, gazlar\u0131n mol say\u0131lar\u0131 oran\u0131na e\u015fittir. <\/p>\n
Not: Soy gazlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki gaz halinde bulunan elementler (H2, O2, N2, Cl2\u2026) do\u011fada \u00e7ift atomlu molek\u00fcller halinde bulunur. Bu nedenle oksijen gaz\u0131n\u0131n form\u00fcl\u00fc O de\u011fil O2, hidrojen gaz\u0131n\u0131n form\u00fcl\u00fc H2 dir.
\n Form\u00fcl T\u00fcrleri
\n Bile\u015fiklerin form\u00fcllerle g\u00f6sterildi\u011fini biliyorsunuz. Kimyada \u00fc\u00e7 t\u00fcr form\u00fcl vard\u0131r. Bunlar basit form\u00fcl, molek\u00fcl form\u00fcl\u00fc ve yap\u0131 form\u00fcl\u00fcd\u00fcr. Basit form\u00fcl: Bir bile\u015fi\u011fi olu\u015fturan atomlar\u0131n t\u00fcrlerini ve say\u0131ca birle\u015fme oranlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren form\u00fcld\u00fcr. Basit form\u00fcle kaba form\u00fcl veya ampirik form\u00fcl de denir.
\n Molek\u00fcl form\u00fcl\u00fc: Bir bile\u015fi\u011fin bir molek\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturan atomlar\u0131n t\u00fcrlerini ve ger\u00e7ek say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren form\u00fcld\u00fcr. \u00d6rne\u011fin; benzen molek\u00fcl\u00fc 6C, 6 H atomundan olu\u015fur ve molek\u00fcl form\u00fcl\u00fc C6H6 d\u0131r. Benzende C ve H atomlar\u0131n\u0131n birle\u015fme oran\u0131 6\/6 ya da 1\/1 dir. C6H6, atomlar\u0131n birle\u015fme oran\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterecek \u015fekilde (CH) yaz\u0131larak bile\u015fi\u011fin basit form\u00fcl\u00fc elde edilebilir. C2H4 ve C3H6 bile\u015fiklerinin basit form\u00fclleri ayn\u0131 olup CH2 dir.
\n (Basit form\u00fcl) x n = Molek\u00fcl form\u00fcl\u00fc (n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, \u2026)
\n \u00d6rne\u011fin; benzen i\u00e7in; (CH) x n = C6H6 olu\u011fundan n=6 d\u0131r.
\n Yap\u0131 form\u00fcl\u00fc: Bile\u015fi\u011fi olu\u015fturan atomlar\u0131n birle\u015fme \u015fekillerini g\u00f6steren form\u00fcld\u00fcr. \u00d6rne\u011fin; suyun basit ve molek\u00fcl form\u00fclleri H2O, yap\u0131 form\u00fcl\u00fc H \u2013 O \u2013 H t\u0131r. Yap\u0131 form\u00fcl\u00fc bile\u015fik hakk\u0131nda en ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgiyi veren form\u00fcld\u00fcr.
\n Bir bile\u015fikteki atomlar\u0131n cinsi, ba\u011f\u0131l birle\u015fme oranlar\u0131 ve bile\u015fi\u011fin k\u00fctlece y\u00fczde bile\u015fimi basit form\u00fcl, molek\u00fcl form\u00fcl\u00fc veya yap\u0131 form\u00fcl\u00fc yard\u0131m\u0131yla bulunabilir. Ancak bile\u015fi\u011fin mol k\u00fctlesi, molek\u00fcl form\u00fcl\u00fc veya yap\u0131 form\u00fcl\u00fc yard\u0131m\u0131yla hesaplanabilir.\uf020
\n Bile\u015fiklerin Y\u00fczde Bile\u015fimi
\n Bir bile\u015fi\u011fin 100 gram\u0131nda bulunan elementlerin k\u00fctlelerine, bile\u015fikteki elementlerin k\u00fctlece y\u00fczdeleri denir. \u00d6rne\u011fin; 100 g CaCO3 bile\u015fi\u011finde 40 g Ca, 12 g C ve 48 g O vard\u0131r. Bile\u015fikteki elementlerin k\u00fctlece y\u00fczdeleri; %40 Ca, %12 C ve %48 O dur.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Atom K\u00fctlesi Maddeyi olu\u015fturan tanecikler (atomlar, molek\u00fcller, iyonlar) en hassas terazilerle bile tart\u0131lamayacak kadar hafiftir. Bu nedenle madde miktar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmada bunlar\u0131n ger\u00e7ek k\u00fctleleri kullan\u0131lamaz. Ancak kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma yoluyla bir atomun di\u011fer bir atomdan ka\u00e7 kat a\u011f\u0131r ya da hafif oldu\u011fu belirlenebilir. Bilim adamlar\u0131 karbonun do\u011fada en \u00e7ok bulunan atomunu (C-12 izotopu) kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma atomu olarak se\u00e7mi\u015fler ve …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[4954,3586,4637,4956,2137,2194,4955],"class_list":["post-6406","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-atom-kutlesi","tag-atomlar","tag-avogadro-sayisi","tag-iyonlar","tag-izotop","tag-mol-kavrami","tag-molekuller"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6406","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6406"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6406\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6406"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6406"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6406"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}