Gaz, maddenin \u00fc\u00e7 halinden biridir. Bu haldeyken maddenin yo\u011funlu\u011fu \u00e7ok az, ak\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ise son derece fazlad\u0131r. Gaz halindeki maddelerin belirli bir \u015fekli ve hacmi yoktur.<\/p>\n
Kat\u0131 bir madde \u0131s\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman, kat\u0131 halden s\u0131v\u0131, s\u0131v\u0131 halden de gaz haline ge\u00e7er. Bu duruma faz (safha) de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi denir. S\u0131v\u0131y\u0131 meydana getiren tanecikler (atom veya molek\u00fcller) birbirlerini \u00e7eker. S\u0131v\u0131 \u0131s\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman, tanecikler aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7ekim kuvveti yenilir ve tanecikler s\u0131v\u0131 fazdan (ortamdan) ayr\u0131larak gaz haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrler. Gaz\u0131 meydana getiren tanecikler her y\u00f6nde hareket edebilir ve bulunduklar\u0131 kab\u0131n halini al\u0131rlar. Mesela hava bir gaz kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r ve azot, oksijen, \u00e7ok az miktarda asal gazlar ve karbondioksitten meydana gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Gazlar birbiriyle her oranda kar\u0131\u015fabilir.Gazlar\u0131n birbiri ile olu\u015fturduklar\u0131 kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar homojendir. Hacimleri, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla yo\u011funluklar\u0131 bas\u0131n\u00e7 ve s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011fa tabidir. Genellikle gaz\u0131n bas\u0131n\u00e7 veya s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n az miktarda de\u011fi\u015fmesi, gaz\u0131n hacminde \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fiklikler meydana getirir. B\u00fct\u00fcn gazlar\u0131n geni\u015fleme ve s\u0131k\u0131\u015fma katsay\u0131lar\u0131 ayn\u0131d\u0131r. Fakat s\u0131v\u0131 ve kat\u0131lar\u0131n b\u00f6yle bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi yoktur. Bu y\u00fczdendir ki, gazlar, kat\u0131 ve s\u0131v\u0131lardan daha kolay incelenir. Hareket halindeki gaz molek\u00fcllerinin (taneciklerinin), bulundu\u011fu kab\u0131n cidar\u0131na (duvar\u0131na) \u00e7arpmas\u0131 sonucu meydana gelen etkiye, gaz\u0131n bas\u0131nc\u0131 denir. Bir silindir i\u00e7indeki gaz, piston ile s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rsa pistonun geri itildi\u011fi, ilk haline d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fclmek istendi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr ki, bu yukar\u0131daki olay\u0131n sonucudur. Pistonu ittirmek i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan i\u015f, gaz\u0131n bas\u0131nc\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan i\u015ftir. \u0130zole halde yani \u00e7evreden yal\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir gaz, s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131nca \u0131s\u0131n\u0131r. S\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f gaz geni\u015fletilirse so\u011fur, yani yine bir i\u015f yapar ve gaz molek\u00fcllerinin ortalama h\u0131zlar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fer. B\u00f6ylece bas\u0131n\u00e7 da azalm\u0131\u015f olur.<\/p>\n
Gazlar hakk\u0131ndaki mevcut bilgilerin ana kaynaklar\u0131, hava \u00fczerindeki ilmi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, \u00e7e\u015fitli gazlar\u0131n ke\u015ffi ve \u0131s\u0131yla ilgili ara\u015ft\u0131rmalard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Torricelli, hava ile deneyler yapt\u0131 ve atmosfer bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffetti. 1643’te ilk c\u0131va barometresini yapt\u0131. Pascal ise, y\u00fcksek yerlerdeki hava bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131n deniz seviyesindekinden daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterdi. Otto von Guericke de, birbiri ile birle\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve i\u00e7indeki havas\u0131 bo\u015falt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f (vakum) iki yar\u0131m k\u00fcrenin birbirinden ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 ile ilgili deneyi yapt\u0131. Bu deneyde yar\u0131m k\u00fcreleri birbirinden ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in sekizerden 16 tane at kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n
GAZLAR<\/p>\n
Gazlar\u0131n \u00d6zellikleri:Gazlar\u0131n davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda modern kimyan\u0131n da temel konular\u0131ndan biridir. Avagadro ilkesine g\u00f6re bir gaz\u0131n hacmini \u00f6l\u00e7mek,bu hacimde bulunan molek\u00fclleri saymak demektir ki b\u00f6yle \u00f6l\u00e7melerin \u00f6nemini ne kadar belirtsek azd\u0131r. \u00dcstelik end\u00fcstride kullan\u0131lan element ve bile\u015fiklerin \u00e7o\u011fu kullan\u0131lma \u015fartlar\u0131nda gaz halindedir. Gazlar\u0131n pratik ve tarihsel \u00f6nemi yan\u0131nda, bunlar \u00fczerinde bu kadar durmam\u0131z\u0131n bir ba\u015fka nedeni de vard\u0131r. Kimyac\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fi y\u0131\u011f\u0131n halinde bulunan madde ile bunun molek\u00fclleri aras\u0131nda bir ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131 kurmakt\u0131r. Gazlar\u0131n kinetik teorisi, makroskobik olaylar\u0131n , molek\u00fcllerin davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 cinsinden a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131na en g\u00fczel \u00f6rneklerden birini te\u015fkil eder. Gazlar\u0131n,i\u00e7inde bulunduklar\u0131n kab\u0131n \u00e7eperlerine \u00e7arpan b\u00fcy\u00fck say\u0131da taneciklerden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclerek, matematik i\u015flemlerle Boyle kanunu \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilir ve s\u0131cakl\u0131k kavram\u0131 daha iyi anla\u015f\u0131labilir. Gazlar\u0131n Boyle kanununa ni\u00e7in tam anlam\u0131yla uymad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131rken, molek\u00fcllerin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckleri ve bunlar\u0131n birbiri \u00fczerine etkiyen kuvvetleri konusunda pek \u00e7ok \u015fey \u00f6\u011frenebiliriz. B\u00f6ylece maddenin en basit halini incelemek bizi fiziksel bilimlerin en evrensel baz\u0131 kavramlar\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya b\u0131rak\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Gaz Kanunlar\u0131<\/p>\n
Genel olarak kat\u0131,s\u0131v\u0131 ya da gaz, herhangi bir maddenin hacmi, s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve \u00fczerine etkiyen bas\u0131nca ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Belli bir miktarda maddenin hacmi ile bas\u0131n\u00e7 ve s\u0131cakl\u0131k de\u011ferleri aras\u0131nda matematik bir ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131 vard\u0131r; bu matematik ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131ya hal denklemi denir ve sembolik olarak<\/p>\n
V=V(T,P,n)<\/p>\n
\u015eeklinde g\u00f6sterilir. Bunun anlam\u0131 \u015fudur:V s\u0131cakl\u0131k, bas\u0131n\u00e7 ve maddenin mol say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bir fonksiyonudur. S\u0131v\u0131 ve kat\u0131lar i\u00e7in hal denklemi \u00e7ok karma\u015f\u0131k bir matematik ifade olabildi\u011fi gibi maddeden maddeye de de\u011fi\u015febilir. Fakat gazlar\u0131n hal denklemleri, gaz halindeki her \u00e7e\u015fit madde i\u00e7in hemen hemen ayn\u0131 kal\u0131r. \u0130leride bu basitli\u011fin gaz molek\u00fcllerinin asl\u0131nda birbirinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z hareket etmesinden ileri geldi\u011fini, bunun bir sonucu olarak da molek\u00fcllerin ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n, bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak gaz davran\u0131\u015f\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etki etmedi\u011fini g\u00f6rece\u011fiz. Fakat biz \u015fimdilik gazlar\u0131n hal denklemini saptama\u011fa ve ifade etme\u011fe \u00e7al\u0131\u015fal\u0131m.<\/p>\n
Gazlar i\u00e7in bir denklemin saptanmas\u0131 ister istenmez bir gaz\u0131n i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu kab\u0131n \u00e7eperlerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bas\u0131nc\u0131n, yani y\u00fczey birimine uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kuvvetin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmesini i\u00e7erir. Genellikle gaz bas\u0131nc\u0131, birim y\u00fczeye uygulanan kuvvet cinsinden de\u011fil de, atmosfer ya da milimetre c\u0131va birimleriyle ifade edilir. Daha temel bir birim olan y\u00fczey birimine uygulanan kuvvetle atmosfer ve milimetre birimleri aras\u0131nda bir ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131 kurabilmek i\u00e7in yaln\u0131zca bas\u0131nc\u0131n denel olarak nas\u0131l \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc bilmeliyiz.<\/p>\n
Boyle Kanunu<\/p>\n
Belirli s\u0131cakl\u0131kta, belirli bir miktar gaz\u0131n bas\u0131nc\u0131 ile hacmi aras\u0131ndaki matematiksel ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131 1662 de Robert Boyle taraf\u0131ndan bulunmu\u015ftu. Boyle, belirli bir miktar gaz\u0131n hacmi ile bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7arp\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak sabit kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 buldu. Bundan ba\u015fka bas\u0131n\u00e7 sabitken gaz \u0131s\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hacminin geni\u015fledi\u011finin de fark\u0131na vard\u0131; fakat,belki de o zamanlar s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n hen\u00fcz kesin bir tan\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fundan,bu olay\u0131n \u00fczerinde fazla durmad\u0131. Boyle’un s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir gaz \u00fczerindeki nitel etkisi konusundaki g\u00f6zlemi s\u00fcphesiz \u00f6nemliydi,zira bas\u0131n\u00e7-hacim ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131yla ilgili tayinlerin anlaml\u0131 olabilmesi i\u00e7in,deney s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7evre s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sabit tutulmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n
Charles ve Gay-Lussac Kanunu<\/p>\n
Sabit bas\u0131n\u00e7ta bir gaz\u0131n hacmi ile s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki matematiksel ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131 Charles, Gay-Lussac Kanunu olarak bilinir ve<\/p>\n
V=V0(1+&t)<\/p>\n
\u015feklinde yaz\u0131l\u0131r. Burada ve V sabit bas\u0131n\u00e7ta belli miktardaki gaz\u0131n hacmi, V0 ayn\u0131 gaz\u0131n ayn\u0131 bas\u0131n\u00e7 ve 0 C(santigrad) da i\u015fgal etti\u011fi hacim, & b\u00fct\u00fcn gazlar i\u00e7in de\u011feri yakla\u015f\u0131k 1\/273 olan bir sabit,t ise santigrad cinsinden s\u0131cakl\u0131kt\u0131r. Bu e\u015fitlik bize bir gaz\u0131n hacminin,s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile do\u011frusal olarak artt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemektedir. Bunu denel bir ger\u00e7ek olarak ifade edebilmek i\u00e7in her \u015feyden \u00f6nce s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilece\u011fi bilmemiz gerekir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Gaz, maddenin \u00fc\u00e7 halinden biridir. Bu haldeyken maddenin yo\u011funlu\u011fu \u00e7ok az, ak\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ise son derece fazlad\u0131r. Gaz halindeki maddelerin belirli bir \u015fekli ve hacmi yoktur. Kat\u0131 bir madde \u0131s\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman, kat\u0131 halden s\u0131v\u0131, s\u0131v\u0131 halden de gaz haline ge\u00e7er. Bu duruma faz (safha) de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi denir. S\u0131v\u0131y\u0131 meydana getiren tanecikler (atom veya molek\u00fcller) birbirlerini \u00e7eker. S\u0131v\u0131 …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[11592,11753,11752,11749,11750,11751],"class_list":["post-6410","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-boyle-kanunu","tag-charles-ve-gay-lussac-kanunu","tag-gaz-kanunlari","tag-gazlar-hakinda-bilgi","tag-maddenin-uc-hali","tag-torricelli"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6410","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6410"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6410\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6410"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6410"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6410"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}