Canl\u0131lar\u0131n kendi v\u00fccutlar\u0131nda sentezleyemeyip,d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan haz\u0131r ald\u0131klar\u0131 bile\u015fiklerdir.Hem canl\u0131 v\u00fccutunda hem de cans\u0131z ortamda bulunurlar.K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck molek\u00fcll\u00fc olup,devaml\u0131 ve yeterince bulunmas\u0131 gerekir.Canl\u0131lar bu bile\u015fiklere gereksinim duyar.Besin olarak kullan\u0131lan inorganik maddeler \u201cmineraller ve su\u201d sindirilemezler.Enerji vermezler.Bunlar d\u00fczenleyici maddelerdir.Karbon elementine sahip olmayan t\u00fcm molek\u00fcller \u0130norganik Bile\u015fikler olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
1) SU
\n D\u00fcnya \u00fczerindeki ya\u015fam\u0131n tamam\u0131 suya ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.T\u00fcm ya\u015fayan dokular\u0131n %70-90\u2019\u0131 sudur.Ya\u015fam\u0131 karakterize eden t\u00fcm tepkimeler su i\u00e7eren ortamlarda yer al\u0131rlar.Su hayat i\u00e7in gerekli olan en \u00f6nemli molek\u00fcld\u00fcr.Bir insan,yiyeceksiz haftalarca ya\u015fayabilir.Ancak,susuz sadece birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn ya\u015fayabilir.V\u00fccut i\u00e7in gerekli olan su miktar\u0131 g\u00fcnl\u00fck \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma durumumuza g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fir.G\u00fcnde ort.1.5-2.5 lt su almamam\u0131z gerekir.Ya\u015fa g\u00f6re v\u00fccut a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n %40-%75\u2019i sudur.Ya\u015fland\u0131k\u00e7a v\u00fccuttaki su oran\u0131 azal\u0131r.Bu su d\u0131\u015fardan al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi,v\u00fccutta ara \u00fcr\u00fcn olarak olu\u015fur. Canl\u0131 organizman\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 su molek\u00fcllerinden olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.Organizmalar\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131ndaki su oran\u0131 %65-95 aras\u0131ndad\u0131r.Bu oran,su bitkilerinde %98\u2019e kadar y\u00fckselmektedir.Tohumlarda ise su oran\u0131 %15\u2019den %5\u2019e d\u00fc\u015fer.B\u00fct\u00fcn h\u00fccreler bir sulu \u00e7\u00f6zeltide bulunur.Her t\u00fcrl\u00fc madde de\u011fi\u015fimin \u201cdoku s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131\u201ddenilen \u00e7\u00f6zeltiyle sa\u011flarlar.
\n \u2022 Su kimyasal tepkimelerde rol alan \u00e7ok iyi bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fcd\u00fcr.Bu sayede sindirime b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur.Su molek\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fcn belirgin bir polaritesi ve hidrojen ba\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir e\u011filiminin olmas\u0131 nedeniyle su,hem iyonik hem de iyonik olmayan maddelere kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ok iyi bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fcd\u00fcr.
\n \u2022 Su pek \u00e7ok organizman\u0131n v\u00fccudunda ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 ortam olarak g\u00f6rev yapar.Maddelerin v\u00fccutta bir b\u00f6lgeden di\u011fer b\u00f6lgeye ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 suyla sa\u011flan\u0131r.Ayr\u0131ca,su besin maddelerini kan plazmas\u0131 olarak ta\u015f\u0131r.
\n \u2022 Su, metabolizma olaylar\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131r.Enzimler ancak sulu bir ortamda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.
\n \u2022 Idrardaki su bo\u015falt\u0131ma,terleme olay\u0131 ile de dola\u015f\u0131ma yard\u0131mc\u0131d\u0131r.Terleme olay\u0131nda v\u00fccut \u0131s\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n fazlas\u0131 d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya suyla at\u0131l\u0131r.B\u00f6ylece v\u00fccut \u0131s\u0131s\u0131 dengelenir.
\n \u2022 Su ,bitkilerde \u2018fotosentez\u2019 ana eleman\u0131 olarak bu canl\u0131lar i\u00e7in de \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r.
\n \u2022 Ayr\u0131ca su, absorbe etti\u011fi fazla \u0131s\u0131 ile D\u00fcnya\u2019m\u0131z\u0131n \u00e7evresel \u0131s\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenler.B\u00f6ylece hem \u00e7evresel \u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ok y\u00fckselmez ve sakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u0131s\u0131 kaybolmaz.<\/p>\n
2) M\u0130NERALLER<\/p>\n
\u2022 Sindirilmeden direk olarak kana al\u0131n\u0131rlar.Enzimlerin yap\u0131s\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131rlar.Vitaminlerle birlikte d\u00fczenle\u015ftirici olarak g\u00f6rev yaparlar.V\u00fccudumuzda Cl ,P, S ve N elementlerinin asit bile\u015fikleriyle Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn ve Cu metallerinin baz \u00f6zelli\u011findeki bile\u015fiklerine rastlanmaktad\u0131r.
\n \u2022 Mineraller h\u00fccrede protein,karbonhidrat,ya\u011f gibi,organik maddelere ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak bulunduklar\u0131 gibi h\u00fccrede tuz halinde de bulunabilirler.
\n \u2022 Minareller, vitamin-hormon-enzim v.b. molek\u00fcllerin yap\u0131s\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131r.70kg a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki bir insanda ortalama 3 kg mineral tuzlar\u0131 vard\u0131r.
\n \u2022 Organizman\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131nda az da olsa minerallere ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131r.
\n Mineraller kan\u0131n kan\u0131n osmotik bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131n ayarlanmas\u0131nda ,kas kas\u0131lmas\u0131nda,kan\u0131n p\u0131ht\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131nda, ve sinirlere uyar\u0131n\u0131n iletilmesinde \u00f6nemli role sahiptir.
\n \u2022 Minareller baz\u0131 enzimlerin yap\u0131lar\u0131na kat\u0131larak kataliz\u00f6r g\u00f6revi yapar.
\n \u2022 \u0130drar,ter ve d\u0131\u015fk\u0131 ile d\u0131\u015far\u0131 at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan mineral i\u00e7eren besinlerin d\u00fczenli olarak v\u00fcc\u00fcda al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereklidir.Yiyeceklerde bulunan ve mineral olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan b\u00fct\u00fcn maddeler asl\u0131nda tuzdur.Yeterli mineral i\u00e7ermeyen besin maddeleri ile beslenilirse,tuz at\u0131lmas\u0131 devam edece\u011finden kas kramp\u0131 gibi baz\u0131 bozukluklar g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.S\u0131cak ortamlara maruz kalan insanlar daha fazla terledikleri i\u00e7in d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan yeterince tuz almal\u0131d\u0131r.
\n Sodyum ve klor b\u00fct\u00fcn v\u00fccut s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7inde iyon olarak bulunur.Ancak kan gibi h\u00fccre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 s\u0131v\u0131lar i\u00e7indeki bu iyonlar\u0131n miktar\u0131 daha fazlad\u0131r.Sodyum ve klor dokularda suyu tutarak v\u00fccudu su dengesini sa\u011flar.Sodyum ve klor kas ve sinir sistemi i\u015flevleri i\u00e7in gereklidir.Ancak baz\u0131 b\u00f6brek hastal\u0131klar\u0131nda,y\u00fcksek
\n \u2022 tansiyonu olan insanlarda suyun az al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekir.\u00c7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n b\u00f6brekleri fazla tuzu s\u00fczemedi\u011finden fazla miktarda al\u0131nan tuzdan zarar g\u00f6r\u00fcrler.
\n \u2022 Sodyumla birlikte v\u00fccut s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131nda bulunan ve h\u00fccrelerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 kontrol eden mineral potasyumdur.V\u00fccutta h\u00fccre ara s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131 ile h\u00fccre s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131 aras\u0131nda bir sodyum,potasyum oran\u0131 vard\u0131r.Sodyum gibi potasyumun da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131,t\u00fcketilen besinlerden kolayca emilir.Fazlas\u0131 b\u00f6breklerden at\u0131l\u0131r.\u0130shal gibi,su kayb\u0131n\u0131n fazla oldu\u011fu durumlarda potasyum kayb\u0131 da fazla olur.
\n \u2022 V\u00fccutta en bol bulunan mineral kalsiyumdur.Kalsiyumun b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 fosforla birlikte kemi\u011fin ve di\u015fin yap\u0131s\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131r.Geri kalan k\u0131sm\u0131 kaslar\u0131n kas\u0131lmas\u0131nda ,sinirlerde,kan\u0131n p\u0131ht\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131nda ve baz\u0131 enzimlerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda g\u00f6rev yapar.V\u00fccuda al\u0131nan kalsiyumun bir k\u0131sm\u0131 emilir.Emilmeyen k\u0131sm\u0131 d\u0131\u015fk\u0131 ile at\u0131l\u0131r.D vitamini kalsiyumun emilmesine etki eder.V\u00fccuda fazla kalsiyum al\u0131nsa bile D vitamini yetersiz olursa kalsiyum ba\u011f\u0131rsaklarda emilemez.K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ocuklarda kalsiyum ve D vitamini yetersizli\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak\u2019ra\u015fitizm\u2019 denilen hastal\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.Yeti\u015fkin insanlarda potasyum kayb\u0131 ile \u2018osteomalazi\u2019 denilen kemik yumu\u015famas\u0131 hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.V\u00fccutta en bol bulunan minerallarden biri de fosfordur.Fosfor kalsiyumla birlikte kalsiyum fosfat \u015feklinde kemiklerin ve di\u015fin yap\u0131s\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131r.Fosfor ,n\u00fckleik asit,ya\u011f,protein ve karbonhidrat gibi molek\u00fcllerin yap\u0131s\u0131na da kat\u0131l\u0131r.V\u00fccudun yap\u0131s\u0131na kat\u0131lan minerallerden biri de demirdir.V\u00fccudumuzdaki demirin yar\u0131dan fazlas\u0131 kana k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 rengini veren hemoglobinin i\u00e7inde bulunur.Demir ayn\u0131 zamanda kas proteinleri karaci\u011fer,dalak ve k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 kemik ili\u011finde bulunur.V\u00fccuda yeteri kadar demir al\u0131nmamams\u0131 yada v\u00fccuttan at\u0131lan demir miktar\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131nandan fazla olmas\u0131 durumunda demir yetersizli\u011fi ba\u015flar.Demir eksikli\u011finde,hemoglobin yap\u0131lamaz ve \u2018kans\u0131zl\u0131k\u2019(anemi) g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.Demir bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zengin yiyeceklerle beslenmek sureti ile kans\u0131zl\u0131k \u00f6nlenir.\u0130yot, tiroid bezi hormonu olan tiroksinin yap\u0131s\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131r.V\u00fccuda yeteri kadar iyot al\u0131nmazsa tiroid bezi iyi \u00e7al\u0131\u015famaz ve tiroksin hormonunu az salg\u0131lar.Tiroksinin az salg\u0131lanmas\u0131 tiroid bezinin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesine neden olur.Basit \u2018guatr\u2019 hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 denilen bu durum lahanay\u0131 \u00e7ok t\u00fcketen insanlarda,bulunan bir madde tiroid bezinde iyot ba\u011flanma tepkimesini engellemektedir.S\u00fclfatlar kaslarda bulunur ve proteinlerin yap\u0131s\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131r.Fl\u00fcor di\u015flerin yap\u0131s\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131r.Fl\u00fcor\u00fcn azl\u0131\u011f\u0131 di\u015flerin \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmesine,fazlal\u0131\u011f\u0131 di\u015flerin sararmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar.Bak\u0131r baz\u0131 enzimlerin yap\u0131s\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131r.
\n \u2022
\n Yani k\u0131saca ;
\n \u2022
\n \u2022 V\u00fccut i\u00e7indeki bir\u00e7ok enzimin ve hemoglobin gibi molek\u00fcllerin yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015ftururlar.Bunlar,demir,fosfor gibi elementlerdir.
\n \u2022
\n \u2022 Kemiklerin ve di\u015flerin normal olarak geli\u015fmesini sa\u011flarlar.Bunlar i\u00e7in gerekli olan madensel maddeler, kalsiyum, fosfor,magnezyumdur.
\n \u2022
\n \u2022 V\u00fccut ve h\u00fccre s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n osmotik bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenlerler.Bunlardan h\u00fccre i\u00e7i s\u0131v\u0131da sodyum,klor,h\u00fccre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 s\u0131v\u0131da potasyum,magnezyum,fosfor bulunur.
\n \u2022
\n \u2022 Sinirsel uyar\u0131 iletiminde ,kas kas\u0131lmas\u0131nda ,Kan\u0131n p\u0131ht\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131nda rol al\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n
3) AS\u0130T – BAZ – TUZLAR<\/p>\n
a.) Asitler<\/p>\n
Su i\u00e7ersinde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde H+(hidrojen) iyonu veren b\u00fct\u00fcn bile\u015fikler asit \u00f6zelli\u011findedir.
\n Asitler turnusol ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131n\u0131n rengini maviden k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr.
\n Asitlerin tatlar\u0131 ek\u015fidir.Ama kuvvetli olanlar tad\u0131lamaz.Yap\u0131lar\u0131nda karbon i\u00e7eren asitlerin \u00e7o\u011fu organik asittir.
\n Laktik asit (CH3-CHOH-COOH) ; organik asite, hidroklorik asit(HCI) ise inorganik asite \u00f6rnek verilebilir.
\n Ayr\u0131ca asitler ay\u0131ra\u00e7 olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r.(=Nitrik asit protein ay\u0131rac\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r.)<\/p>\n
Protein + deri\u015fik nitrik asit(HNO3) >>>> \u0131s\u0131 >>> sar\u0131 renk olu\u015fur<\/p>\n
b.) Bazlar<\/p>\n
Suda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc zaman hidroksil iyonu (OH-) veren bile\u015fikler bazik \u00f6zellik g\u00f6sterir.
\n Bazlar turnusol ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131n\u0131n rengini k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131dan maviye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr.
\n Yap\u0131lar\u0131nda genellikle karbon,azot bulunduran bazlar organik bazlard\u0131r.Metilamin (CH3NH2) organik baza;sodyum hidroksit(NaOH),potasyum hidroksit (koh) gibi bazlar ise inorganik bazlara \u00f6rnek verilebilir.
\n Tadlar\u0131 ac\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ba(OH)2,KOH,Ca(OH)2,NaOH gibi bazlar solunum ve fermantasyon deneylerinde CO2 tutucu \u00f6zelliklerinden dolay\u0131 ay\u0131ra\u00e7 olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r.Bunlar ayn\u0131 zamanda nem tutucu olarak da kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Asit \u2013 Baz Dengesi<\/p>\n
Ortam\u0131n hidrojen iyon yo\u011funlu\u011funun negatif (-) logaritmas\u0131 asitli\u011fin ,hidroksil iyon yo\u011funlu\u011funun (-) logaritmas\u0131 ise bazikli\u011fin derecesini verir. H+ iyonu artt\u0131k\u00e7a ortam asidiktir ve pH 0 ile 7 aras\u0131nda bir de\u011fer g\u00f6sterir.OH- iyonu artt\u0131k\u00e7a ortam baziktir ve pH 7 ile 14 aras\u0131nda bir de\u011fer g\u00f6sterir.H+ iyonu ve OH- iyonlar\u0131 e\u015fit miktarda ise ortam n\u00f6trd\u00fcr ve pH\u20197 dir.
\n PH de\u011feri organizma i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir.Biyokimyasal tepkimelerin ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilmesi i\u00e7in pH\u2019\u0131n belirli bir d\u00fczeyde tutulmas\u0131 gerekir.pH\u2019daki \u00e7ok az bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik bile biyokimyasal tepkimeleri olumsuz etkiler.Bu nedenle pH de\u011ferinin sabit kalmas\u0131 gerekir.\u0130nsan kan\u0131n\u0131n pH\u2019\u0131 7,4\u2019e e\u015fittir.\u0130nsan kan\u0131n\u0131n p H\u2019I 7\u2019ye d\u00fc\u015ferse ya da 7,8\u2019in \u00fcst\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131karsa \u00f6l\u00fcm olay\u0131 meydana gelir.Baz\u0131 bakteri ve mantarlar asidik ortamlarda ya\u015fayabilir,fakat bazik ortamlarda ya\u015fayamazlar.<\/p>\n
c.) Tuzlar
\n Asitlerle bazlar kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda asitin H+ iyonu ile baz\u0131n OH- iyonu birle\u015fir.Bu birle\u015fim s\u0131ras\u0131nda bir molek\u00fcl su a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar ve tuz meydana gelir.<\/p>\n
HCI + NaOH =H20+ NaCL<\/p>\n
Hidroklorik asit + sodyum hidroksit(baz) = su + sodyum klor\u00fcr (tuz)<\/p>\n
H\u00fccrenin i\u00e7inde ve h\u00fccrelerin aras\u0131nda \u00e7e\u015fitli mineral tuzlar\u0131 vard\u0131r.Bunlar i\u00e7inde en \u00f6nemlileri sodyum,potasyum,magnezyum ve kalsiyum tuzlar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Canl\u0131lar\u0131n kendi v\u00fccutlar\u0131nda sentezleyemeyip,d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan haz\u0131r ald\u0131klar\u0131 bile\u015fiklerdir.Hem canl\u0131 v\u00fccutunda hem de cans\u0131z ortamda bulunurlar.K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck molek\u00fcll\u00fc olup,devaml\u0131 ve yeterince bulunmas\u0131 gerekir.Canl\u0131lar bu bile\u015fiklere gereksinim duyar.Besin olarak kullan\u0131lan inorganik maddeler \u201cmineraller ve su\u201d sindirilemezler.Enerji vermezler.Bunlar d\u00fczenleyici maddelerdir.Karbon elementine sahip olmayan t\u00fcm molek\u00fcller \u0130norganik Bile\u015fikler olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. 1) SU D\u00fcnya \u00fczerindeki ya\u015fam\u0131n tamam\u0131 suya ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.T\u00fcm ya\u015fayan dokular\u0131n %70-90\u2019\u0131 …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[2262,4541,4538,2549,4669,2539,2303],"class_list":["post-6426","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-asitler","tag-bazlar","tag-inorganik-bilesikler","tag-karbonhidrat","tag-kimyasal-tepkimeler","tag-mineraller","tag-protein"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6426","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6426"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6426\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6426"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6426"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6426"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}