Bir maddenin molek\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fcn ortalama kinetik enerjisi, bir maddenin b\u00fct\u00fcn molek\u00fcllerinin toplam enerjisine ise \u0131s\u0131 denir. S\u0131cakl\u0131k bir nevi \u0131s\u0131 yo\u011funlu\u011fudur. G\u00fcnl\u00fck konu\u015fmalarda s\u0131cakl\u0131k yerine \u0131s\u0131 kelimesi yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131kla kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Tariften de anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere s\u0131cakl\u0131k ile \u0131s\u0131 tamamen farkl\u0131 terimlerdir. Bir kibrit alevinin s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 3000C dir. Bir avu\u00e7 i\u00e7ini dahi \u0131s\u0131tamaz;Ancak bir kalorifer radyat\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn d\u0131\u015f s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 50-600C dir. Fakat b\u00fcy\u00fck bir oday\u0131 rahat\u00e7a \u0131s\u0131t\u0131r.<\/p>\n
S\u0131cakl\u0131k \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm cihazlar\u0131 bulunmadan \u00f6nce insanlar duyu organlar\u0131yla s\u0131cakl\u0131k hakk\u0131nda fikir sahibi olabiliyorlard\u0131. Cisimlerin s\u0131cak, so\u011fuk yada ilk olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 parmak dokundurarak s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131 tahmin edebiliyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n
Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla s\u0131cakl\u0131k tahmin edilebilir. Is\u0131 olan cismin s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 artar, \u0131s\u0131 kaybeden cismin s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ise d\u00fc\u015fer. S\u0131cakl\u0131k \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcnde kullan\u0131lan ayg\u0131t, ilk kez Galilei ke\u015ffetti ve 1597\u2019den \u00f6nce bu aletten birini yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
S\u0131cakl\u0131k \u00f6l\u00e7en aletlere termometre denir. Termometre haznesinde bulunan s\u0131v\u0131 civa veya alkol s\u0131cakl\u0131k art\u0131nca genle\u015fir. Mevcut termometrelerin hemen hepsi suyun donma ve kaynama noktalar\u0131 esas al\u0131narak derecelendirme yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Termodinamik s\u0131cakl\u0131k birimi derecedir. (0C). 10=T\u00fc \/ 273 ifadesinde T\u00fc; buz,su ve buhar olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 fazdan meydana gelen sistemin denge s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. 273 ise, en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck mutlak s\u0131cakl\u0131k Kelvin derecesi (0K) olup, \u00f6yle se\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir ki,suyun kaynama noktas\u0131 ile donma noktas\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131cakl\u0131k fark\u0131 1000K dir.<\/p>\n
Reom\u00fcr derecesinde (0R)ise donma noktas\u0131 ile kaynama noktas\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131cakl\u0131k fark\u0131 800R dir.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde kullan\u0131lan s\u0131cakl\u0131k birimi santigrad derece (0C) ve \u00f6l\u00e7me aleti olarak da cival\u0131,ispirtolu,termometre veya yayl\u0131,ibreli pirometreler kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Belirli sabit noktalara ve \u00f6l\u00e7me metodlar\u0131na g\u00f6re milletler aras\u0131 pratik s\u0131cakl\u0131k \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi standartt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Milletler aras\u0131 standartlarda Fahranhayt (0F) s\u0131cakl\u0131k derecesi de kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. 0F derecesinde donma noktas\u0131 ile kaynama noktas\u0131 aras\u0131nda 1800f s\u0131cakl\u0131k fark\u0131 mevcuttur.<\/p>\n
Buzun erimesi, santigrad derecede (0C) 00C ile 0R\u2019de 0 0R, 0f \u2019de +320f, 0K\u2019de + 2730k ile g\u00f6sterilir.<\/p>\n
Suyun kaynama noktas\u0131 ise (0C)\u2019de 1000C, 0R\u2019de 80 0R, 0F\u2019de 2120f, 0K\u2019de 3730k ile g\u00f6sterilir.<\/p>\n
0C \/ 1 = 0R \/ 0,8 = 0f-32 \/ 1.8 = 0k-273 \/ 1<\/p>\n
Milletleraras\u0131 termometre \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi, y\u00fczdelik \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi iki temel noktas\u0131, yani 0 C ve 100 C d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, gazl\u0131 termometrelerle belirlenmi\u015f baz\u0131 ergime ve kaynama noktalar\u0131n\u0131 da ta\u015f\u0131yan \u00f6l\u00e7ek.<\/p>\n
ANS\u0130KL Termometrenin bulunu\u015funda bir\u00e7ok bilginin pay\u0131 oldu\u011fu \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr, Ger\u00e7ekte S\u0131cakl\u0131k \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcnde kullan\u0131lan ayg\u0131t\u0131 ilk kez Galilei ke\u015ffetti ve 1597\u2019den \u00f6nce s\u0131cakl\u0131k \u00f6l\u00e7ebilen bir alet yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n
S\u0131v\u0131 Termometreler;<\/p>\n
Bu tip aletlerde belirli bir s\u0131v\u0131 k\u00fctlesinin s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak genle\u015fmesi g\u00f6zlenir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki termometrelerin \u00fcst b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde ince derecelendirilmi\u015f bir cam t\u00fcp bulunan bir hazneden olu\u015fur; t\u00fcp\u00fcn i\u00e7i k\u0131smen bir s\u0131v\u0131yla (c\u0131va, alkol vb.) doldurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
Termometrelerin doldurulmas\u0131nda \u00e7e\u015fitli s\u0131v\u0131lar kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Donma noktalar\u0131 ve kaynama s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131 bu s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131n kullan\u0131labilme s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 belirler \u201338,80C\u2019de kat\u0131la\u015fan ve 3570C\u2019de kaynayan civan\u0131n ,bu bak\u0131mdan \u00e7ok geni\u015f bir kullan\u0131m alan\u0131 vard\u0131r. Bununla birlikle s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n olduk\u00e7a d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011fu kimi b\u00f6lgelerde alkol kullanmak yararl\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131klar i\u00e7in s\u0131v\u0131 hava s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda donmayan,toluen yada kimi petrol eterleri kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Maksimum ve Minimum Termometreler;<\/p>\n
A\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya do\u011fru y\u00f6nlendirilmi\u015f s\u0131v\u0131 s\u00fctununun,bir c\u0131va s\u00fctununu \u201cU bi\u00e7iminde \u201cbir t\u00fcp i\u00e7inde itti\u011fi alkoll\u00fc termometrelerdir. T\u00fcp i\u00e7inde c\u0131va y\u00fczeylerinin her biri \u00fczerinde,k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck hafif g\u00f6sterge bulunur. C\u0131vayla birlikte y\u00fckselen g\u00f6sterge c\u0131va d\u00fczeyi d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fckseklikte sabit kal\u0131r.genellikle \u00fcst camla kapl\u0131 manyetik bir metal par\u00e7as\u0131ndan olu\u015fan g\u00f6stergenin,bir m\u0131knat\u0131s yard\u0131m\u0131yla yeniden c\u0131vayla temas sa\u011flan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
T\u0131bbi Termometre;<\/p>\n
32 ile 440C aras\u0131nda bir taksimat ta\u015f\u0131r; ayr\u0131ca her derece 10 par\u00e7aya b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcr. Bu termometreler v\u00fccut s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7mede kullan\u0131l\u0131r. En \u00e7ok kullan\u0131lan cival\u0131 ve maksimumludur; so\u011fuma s\u0131ras\u0131nda c\u0131va s\u00fctunu alt b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden ayr\u0131l\u0131r ve tepesi istenilen s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6stermeye devam eder. S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n okunmas\u0131ndan sonra eski durumuna getirmek i\u00e7in alet yukar\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 do\u011fru sallan\u0131r. Termometre koltuk alt\u0131na (koltukalt\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ), a\u011f\u0131z (Hazne dilin alt\u0131nda) a\u011f\u0131z s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya rektuma (rektum s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131) konarak s\u0131cakl\u0131k al\u0131nabilir.<\/p>\n
Buhar Bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 Termometre;<\/p>\n
\u00c7ift metal giri\u015fli termometre (\u00e0 TERMOMETRE \u00c7\u0130FT METAL \u015eER\u0130T.) Pek duyarl\u0131 olmakla birlikte sa\u011flam olan bu iki tip termometre,elektrik konta\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kaydedici termometrelerde yada termostatlarda yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Gazl\u0131 Termometreler;<\/p>\n
En duyarl\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131k \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerinde termometrik b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fck olarak hacmi sabit tutulan bir gaz k\u00fctlesinin bas\u0131nc\u0131ndan termometrik b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fck olarak yararlan\u0131l\u0131r. Y\u00fczdelikli (Santigrat) \u00f6l\u00e7eklerin tan\u0131m\u0131 uyar\u0131nca bas\u0131n\u00e7, s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011fa P=Po (1+Bt) ifadesiyle ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu termometrelerde, cival\u0131 bir manometreye ba\u011fl\u0131 ba\u011fl\u0131 olan i\u00e7i gaz dolu madeni bir hazne vard\u0131r. \u00d6zel olarak incelenmi\u015f kaplar yard\u0131m\u0131yla B katsay\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 tespit etmek i\u00e7in, hazne s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya bilinen s\u0131cakl\u0131klara (0C ve 100C) veya \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclecek s\u0131cakl\u0131klara getirilir. Bu s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131n her biri i\u00e7in sabit hacim alt\u0131nda bas\u0131n\u00e7 bir manometreyle \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u00d6l\u00e7me sonucunda elde edilen s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131,kanuni Celsius \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi i\u00e7inde belirtmek i\u00e7in d\u00fczeltmek gerekir. Bu d\u00fczeltme gazlar\u0131n e\u015f s\u0131cakl\u0131k e\u011frileri incelenerek yap\u0131l\u0131r. Bu aletlerde hidrojen, helyun ve azot gibi gazlar kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Gazl\u0131 termometreler g\u00fcnl\u00fck i\u015flerde kullan\u0131lan aletler de\u011fildir. \u00d6zel laboratuvarlarda baz\u0131 sabit s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131 (Ergime ve Kaynama noktalar\u0131 ) bulmada yararlan\u0131r ve s\u0131cakl\u0131k \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcnde temel aletlerdir. Bu termometreler okzijenin kaynama noktas\u0131ndan (-182, 97 C), alt\u0131n\u0131n ergime noktas\u0131na (1 063 C) kadar bir s\u0131cakl\u0131klar listesi haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131; bu liste 1927 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcler Milletleraras\u0131 Konferans da kabul edildi . 1948\u2019deki konferansta g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irildi.<\/p>\n
D\u00fczeltmek gerekin Hazne, hem suyu 273,160k e\u015fit olan T3 \u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc nokta s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na,hem de \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerek T s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na getirilir. Bu s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131n her biri i\u00e7in,sabit hacimde tutulan gaz\u0131n P3 ve P bas\u0131n\u00e7lar\u0131 manometreyle \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bilinmeyen s\u0131cakl\u0131k birinci yakla\u015f\u0131kta<\/p>\n
T=373,16 x P\/P3 ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131yla hesaplan\u0131r. Ancak bu s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hesaplarken,termometrelerde kullan\u0131lan gaz\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerinden kaynaklanan hatalar\u0131 da gaz\u0131n e\u015fs\u0131cakl\u0131k e\u011frilerinden yararlan\u0131larak d\u00fczeltmek gerekir. Bu aletlerde kullan\u0131lan gazlar hidrojen,helyum ve azottur. Gazl\u0131 termometreler daha \u00e7ok termodinamik s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131n belirlenmesi konusunda uzmanla\u015fm\u0131\u015f \u00f6zel laboratuvarlar da kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bunlar s\u0131cakl\u0131k \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcnde temel aletlerdir. Bu termometreler hidrojenin \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc noktas\u0131ndan ( -259,340C) bir s\u0131cakl\u0131k listesi haz\u0131rlamaya olanak verdi ve uluslararas\u0131 pratik s\u0131cakl\u0131k \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finin temelini olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n
Kimi s\u0131cakl\u0131k b\u00f6lgelerinde bir gaz\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek sesin gaz i\u00e7indeki yay\u0131lma h\u0131z\u0131 (Akustik-Termometre) gerek di elektrik sabiti yada k\u0131r\u0131lma indisi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerek belirlenir.<\/p>\n
Duyarl\u0131 Pratik Termometreler;<\/p>\n
Uluslar aras\u0131 pratik s\u0131cakl\u0131k \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131 ve duyarl\u0131 aletleri ayarlamaya olanak verir; Platin diren\u00e7li termometre \u2013180 ile 6000C aras\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu termometre platin bir telin elektrik direncinin s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fimine dayan\u0131r. Platin \u2013 radyumlu platin, \u0131s\u0131l\u00e7ifti, 600 ile 11000C aras\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Monokromatik optik pirometre, kara cismin \u0131\u015f\u0131ma yasalar\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak alt\u0131n\u0131n ergime noktas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesinde \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finin d\u0131\u015f de\u011fer bi\u00e7imine olanak verir.<\/p>\n
Daha duyarl\u0131 daha ucuz yada di\u011fer s\u0131cakl\u0131k alanlar\u0131nda kullan\u0131labilir. Diren\u00e7li termometreler yapmak i\u00e7in ba\u015fka malzemelerden yararlan\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin termistanslar s\u0131cakl\u0131k kat say\u0131lar\u0131 platininkinden \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fck olan diren\u00e7lerdir. Bununla yap\u0131lan termometreler, genellikle yukar\u0131dakiler kadar do\u011fru sonu\u00e7 vermez. Termometreler tek tek ve s\u0131k aral\u0131klarla ayarlanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00c7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmesi 15 K\u2019 in (yani \u20132850C\u2019in) alt\u0131ndaki s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7mek i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli olaylardan yararlan\u0131l\u0131r. S\u0131v\u0131 helyumun doymu\u015f buhar bas\u0131nc\u0131 saf metal diren\u00e7ler, \u0131s\u0131l g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fc paramanyetik maddelerin manyetik m\u0131knat\u0131slar\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131, n\u00fckleer manyetik rezonans, helyum 3\u2019\u00fcn kat\u0131la\u015fma bas\u0131nc\u0131 b\u00f6ylece 0,001k\u2019e kadar olan, hatta daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131klar \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n
Diferansiyel Termometre;<\/p>\n
Leslien\u2019 in tasarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu ayg\u0131t \u00e7ok duyarl\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7inde renkli bir s\u0131v\u0131 bulunan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131 bir boruyla ait b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden birle\u015ftirilmi\u015f i\u00e7i hava dolu iki cam k\u00fcreden olu\u015fur. \u0130ki k\u00fcre aras\u0131ndaki en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131k fark\u0131 s\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n yer de\u011fi\u015ftirmesine yol a\u00e7ar. Termoelektrik \u00e7iftleri de diferansiyel termometrelerdir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Bir maddenin molek\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fcn ortalama kinetik enerjisi, bir maddenin b\u00fct\u00fcn molek\u00fcllerinin toplam enerjisine ise \u0131s\u0131 denir. S\u0131cakl\u0131k bir nevi \u0131s\u0131 yo\u011funlu\u011fudur. G\u00fcnl\u00fck konu\u015fmalarda s\u0131cakl\u0131k yerine \u0131s\u0131 kelimesi yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131kla kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Tariften de anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere s\u0131cakl\u0131k ile \u0131s\u0131 tamamen farkl\u0131 terimlerdir. Bir kibrit alevinin s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 3000C dir. Bir avu\u00e7 i\u00e7ini dahi \u0131s\u0131tamaz;Ancak bir kalorifer radyat\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn d\u0131\u015f s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 50-600C …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[11778,11780,11779,2161,11775,11776,2163,11777],"class_list":["post-6451","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-buhar-basincli-termometre","tag-diferansiyel-termometre","tag-gazli-termometreler","tag-kinetik-enerji","tag-sicaklik-olcme-yontemleri","tag-sivi-termometreler","tag-termodinamik","tag-tibbi-termometre"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6451","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6451"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6451\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6451"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6451"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6451"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}