Madde Ve Ozellikleri Madde:Belirli bir kutlesi olan ve uzayda yer kaplayan her seye madde denirElement : Yap\u0131s\u0131nda tek cins atom ihtiva eden saf maddelerdir. Ornegin, Fe, C, N, O… Elementler ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Metaller ve ametaller.<\/p>\n
Metaller ve genel Ozellikleri <\/p>\n
1-Is\u0131 ve elektrigi iyi iletirler.2-Hg haric hepsi oda s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kat\u0131d\u0131r.3-Asit c\u00f6zeltileriyle \u00e7o\u011fu H2 gaz\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131ga c\u0131kar\u0131rlar.4-Kendi aralar\u0131nda bilesik yapamazlar, fiziksel bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m olan alas\u0131mlar\u0131 olu\u015ftururlar. Orne\u011fin princ (Cu-Zn), tunc (Cu-Sn) , \u00e7elik (Fe-C-Cr…), 18 ayar alt\u0131n (%75 alt\u0131n-%25 Cu)5-Elektron almazlar.6-Y\u00fczeyleri parlakt\u0131r.7-D\u00f6v\u00fclebilir,tel ve levha haline getirilebilirler.
\nAmetaller ve genel \u00d6zellikleri <\/p>\n
1-Is\u0131 ve elektri\u011fi iletmezler.2-Oda s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7o\u011fu gaz halindedir.3-Kendi aralar\u0131nda ve metallerle bile\u015fik yapabilirler.4-Elektron al\u0131\u015f-veri\u015fi yapabilirler.5-Sulu asitlere \u00e7o\u011fu etki etmez.6-Y\u00fczeyleri matt\u0131r.7-K\u0131r\u0131lgand\u0131rlar.
\nBile\u015fik : Yap\u0131s\u0131nda en az iki cins atom ihtiva eden saf maddelerdir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, H2O, C6H12O6, NH3…<\/p>\n
\u00c7\u00f6zelti: Birbiri i\u00e7erisinde homojen da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131yla olu\u015fan kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlara \u00e7\u00f6zelti denir. Hava, lehim,gazoz,deniz suyu….gibi.<\/p>\n
S\u00fcspansiyon : Bir kat\u0131n\u0131n bir s\u0131v\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnmeden da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131yla olu\u015fan heterojen kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlard\u0131r. Ayran,kahve,tebe\u015fir tozu+su….<\/p>\n
Em\u00fclsiyon : Bir s\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fka bir s\u0131v\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnmeden da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131yla olu\u015fan heterojen kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlard\u0131r.
\n\u00d6rnek: Zeytinya\u011fl\u0131 su, benzinli su…<\/p>\n
Kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlarla Bile\u015fikler Aras\u0131ndaki Farklar ve Ortak Yanlar\u0131<\/p>\n
1-Kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 olu\u015fturan maddeler kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m i\u00e7erisinde kendi \u00f6zelli\u011fini korudu\u011fu halde bile\u015fi\u011fi olu\u015fturan elementler fiziksel ve kimyasal t\u00fcm \u00f6zelliklerini kaybederler.2-Kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 olu\u015fturan maddeler her oranda kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde, bile\u015fi\u011fi olu\u015fturan elementlerin k\u00fctleleri aras\u0131nda her zaman basit bir oran vard\u0131r.3-Kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar fiziksel yollarla olu\u015fur ve fiziksel y\u00f6ntemler bile\u015fenlerine ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Bile\u015fikler ise kimyasal yolla olu\u015fur ve kimyasal y\u00f6ntemlerle ayr\u0131\u015f\u0131r\u0131lar.4-Kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n form\u00fcl\u00fc olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde, her bile\u015fi\u011fin mutlaka bir kimyasal form\u00fcl\u00fc vard\u0131r.5-Kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n belirli fiziksel \u00f6zelli\u011fi (\u00f6z k\u00fctle, kaynama noktas\u0131, erime noktas\u0131…) olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde bile\u015fikler bu \u00f6zelliklere sahip saf maddelerdir.6-Kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar ve bile\u015fikler olu\u015furken toplam k\u00fctle korunur. Bu durum her ikisi i\u00e7inde ortakt\u0131r.7-Kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar ve bile\u015fikler en az iki cins atom ihtiva ederler.
\nAy\u0131rt edici \u00d6zellikler<\/p>\n
1.\u00d6z K\u00fctle : Bir maddenin birim hacminin k\u00fctlesine denir. Kat\u0131-s\u0131v\u0131-gazlar i\u00e7in ay\u0131rt edicidir.<\/p>\n
d=m\/v <\/p>\n
\u00d6z k\u00fctleyi sadece s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve bas\u0131n\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015ftirebilir. S\u0131cakl\u0131k artt\u0131k\u00e7a maddenin hacmi artar fakat k\u00fctle de\u011fi\u015fmez. Hacim art\u0131nca \u00f6z k\u00fctle azal\u0131r.<\/p>\n
2-Kaynama S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 : Saf bir s\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n buhar bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131n atmosfer bas\u0131nc\u0131na e\u015fit oldu\u011fu s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011fa kaynama s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 denir. S\u0131v\u0131lar ve gazlar i\u00e7in ay\u0131rt edici bir \u00f6zelliktir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc kaynama s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yo\u011funla\u015fma s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na e\u015fittir.
\nKaynama S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na Etki Eden Fakt\u00f6rler :<\/p>\n
a) A\u00e7\u0131k Hava Bas\u0131nc\u0131 : Kaynama s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 atmosfer bas\u0131nc\u0131yla do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131 olarak artar ya da azal\u0131r. Y\u00fckseklere \u00e7\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131k\u00e7a d\u0131\u015f bas\u0131n\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131n kaynama s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131 da d\u00fc\u015fer.
\nb)S\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n Cinsi : Kaynama s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 her s\u0131v\u0131 i\u00e7in farkl\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin saf su 100 0C de , C2H5OH 78 0C de kaynar.c) S\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n Safl\u0131\u011f\u0131: Saf s\u0131v\u0131lar sabit bas\u0131n\u00e7 alt\u0131nda her zaman sabit bir s\u0131cakl\u0131kta kaynarlar. Fakat s\u0131v\u0131ya, s\u0131v\u0131da \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnebilen bir kat\u0131 eklendi\u011fi zaman kaynama s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fckseldi\u011fi gibi, donma s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da d\u00fc\u015fer. Saf su 1 atm bas\u0131n\u00e7ta 100 0C de kaynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde tuzlu su 100 0C nin \u00fczerindeki bir s\u0131cakl\u0131kta kaynar ve kaynarken s\u0131cakl\u0131k sabit kalmaz.
\n*Kaynama noktas\u0131 buhar bas\u0131nc\u0131yla ters orant\u0131l\u0131 olup buhar bas\u0131nc\u0131 y\u00fcksek olan s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131n kaynama noktalar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. Alkol\u00fcn kaynama noktas\u0131 saf sudan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olup buhar\u0131n\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bas\u0131n\u00e7 saf sudan fazlad\u0131r.*S\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n miktar\u0131 yada \u0131s\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 kayna\u011f\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fc kaynama s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmez sadece s\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n kaynamaya ba\u015flamas\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli olan s\u00fcreyi de\u011fi\u015ftirebilir.*Buhar bas\u0131nc\u0131 madde miktar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Sadece s\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n cinsine ve s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.
\n3.Donma S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131: Bir s\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131v\u0131 halden kat\u0131 hale ge\u00e7ti\u011fi andaki s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011fa donma s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 denir. Bir maddenin donma s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 erime s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na e\u015fittir. Kat\u0131 ve s\u0131v\u0131lar i\u00e7in ay\u0131rt edicidir. Bir madenin erime s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 donma s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na e\u015fittir. Kat\u0131 ve s\u0131v\u0131lar i\u00e7in ay\u0131rt edicidir.
\n4.Esneklik : Kat\u0131lar i\u00e7in ay\u0131rt edici bir \u00f6zelliktir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc sadece kat\u0131lar esneyebilir.
\n5.Genle\u015fme : Kat\u0131 ve s\u0131v\u0131lar i\u00e7in ortak ay\u0131rt edici bir \u00f6zelliktir. Gazlar i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli de\u011fildir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc gazlar\u0131n hepsi hacimlerinin 1\/273’\u00fc oran\u0131nda genle\u015fir ve her bir gaz i\u00e7in spesifik bir genle\u015fme kat say\u0131s\u0131 yoktur.<\/p>\n
6.\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fck : Genelde 100 gram suda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnebilen madde miktar\u0131 olarak verilir. Kat\u0131-s\u0131v\u0131-gazlar i\u00e7in ortak ay\u0131rt edici bir \u00f6zelliktir.<\/p>\n
Kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 Ay\u0131rma Y\u00f6ntemleri :
\nKar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 ay\u0131rmak, maddelerin baz\u0131 fiziksel \u00f6zelliklerinin farkl\u0131 olmas\u0131ndan faydalan\u0131larak yap\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, kaynama noktas\u0131 fark\u0131, \u00f6z k\u00fctle fark\u0131, erime noktas\u0131 fark\u0131, \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fck fark\u0131…<\/p>\n
1-Dam\u0131tma: Bir s\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n buharla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve olu\u015fan buhar\u0131n bir so\u011futucuda yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u015flemidir. Deniz suyundan saf su elde etmek dam\u0131tmaya bir \u00f6rnektir.2-Ayr\u0131msal Dam\u0131tma : Birden fazla s\u0131v\u0131 kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n buharla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve olu\u015fan buharlar\u0131n yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u015flemidir. S\u0131v\u0131lar kaynama noktas\u0131 fark\u0131ndan faydalan\u0131larak ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Kaynama noktalar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki fark ne kadar b\u00fcy\u00fckse ay\u0131rma i\u015flemi o kadar kolayd\u0131r.<\/p>\n
3- Ay\u0131rma Hunisiyle Ay\u0131rma: Bir biri i\u00e7erisinde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnmeyen s\u0131v\u0131-s\u0131v\u0131 kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 ay\u0131rmada kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6z k\u00fctle fark\u0131ndan faydalan\u0131larak ay\u0131rma i\u015flemi ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. \u00d6rne\u011fin zeytinya\u011f\u0131-su kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131.<\/p>\n
4-Ayr\u0131msal Kristallendirme : Kat\u0131-kat\u0131 kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fcklerinin farkl\u0131 olmas\u0131ndan faydalan\u0131larak yap\u0131labilen bir ay\u0131rma y\u00f6ntemidir. \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc az olan \u00f6nce kristalle\u015ferek ayr\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
5- M\u0131knat\u0131s ile Ay\u0131rma : M\u0131knat\u0131s, ferromagnetik dedi\u011fimiz demir (Fe), kobalt (Co) ve nikeli (Ni ) \u00e7eker. E\u011fer bu metallerden kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mda mevcutsa m\u0131knat\u0131s yard\u0131m\u0131yla bu metalleri ay\u0131rmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Hal De\u011fi\u015fimi : Bir maddenin kat\u0131 halden s\u0131v\u0131 hale , s\u0131v\u0131 halden gaz haline ge\u00e7mesi yada bu olaylar\u0131n tersidir. <\/p>\n
S\u00fcblimle\u015fme : Bir maddenin d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan \u0131s\u0131 alarak erimeden kat\u0131 halden gaz haline ge\u00e7mesi olay\u0131 olup fiziksel bir olayd\u0131r.. \u00d6rne\u011fin kuru buz dedi\u011fimiz CO2 (k) , I2, naftalin, kamfor s\u00fcblimle\u015febilen maddelerdir.<\/p>\n
Kat\u0131dan s\u0131v\u0131ya ve s\u0131v\u0131dan gaza faz\u0131na ge\u00e7en bir maddenin ;<\/p>\n
*molek\u00fcller aras\u0131 mesafesi artar. *Hacim artar \u00f6z k\u00fctle ise azal\u0131r.*Toplam enerji artar.*Molek\u00fcl\u00fcn yap\u0131s\u0131 (form\u00fcl\u00fc) de\u011fi\u015fmez.
\nISI ALI\u015e-VER\u0130\u015e\u0130<\/p>\n
Is\u0131 al\u0131\u015f veri\u015fi olan olaylarda al\u0131nan \u0131s\u0131 daima verilen \u0131s\u0131ya e\u015fit olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bir maddenin s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fme oluyorsa<\/p>\n
Q=mcDt<\/p>\n
Q: Is\u0131 olup birimi kaloridir.<\/p>\n
C : \u00d6z \u0131s\u0131 olup birimi kal\/gr 0C<\/p>\n
Dt: s\u0131cakl\u0131k fark\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fme olmuyorsa yani hal de\u011fi\u015ftiriyorsa;<\/p>\n
Q= m.L<\/p>\n
form\u00fclleri kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Kimyasal de\u011fi\u015fim : Madenin yap\u0131s\u0131ndaki k\u00f6kl\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fmelerdir. Bu de\u011fi\u015fimde madde fiziksel ve kimyasal t\u00fcm \u00f6zelli\u011fini kaybetti\u011fi gibi form\u00fcl\u00fc de de\u011fi\u015fir. Maddeyi tekrar eski haline getirmek olduk\u00e7a zordur. Ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131n yanmas\u0131, etin pi\u015fmesi, metalin asitte \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnmesi, yiyeceklerin bozulmas\u0131, sindirim, solunum…gibi.<\/p>\n
Fiziksel De\u011fi\u015fim : Maddenin d\u0131\u015f yap\u0131s\u0131ndaki basit de\u011fi\u015fmelerdir. Bu de\u011fi\u015fimde maddenin elektron d\u00fczeni ve yap\u0131s\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmez. Hal de\u011fi\u015fimi olaca\u011f\u0131ndan \u00f6z k\u00fctle de\u011fi\u015febilir. Alkol\u00fcn buharla\u015fmas\u0131, asetonun yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131, gres ya\u011f\u0131n\u0131n erimesi, cam\u0131n kesilmesi, odunun k\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131…. gibi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Madde Ve Ozellikleri Madde:Belirli bir kutlesi olan ve uzayda yer kaplayan her seye madde denirElement : Yap\u0131s\u0131nda tek cins atom ihtiva eden saf maddelerdir. Ornegin, Fe, C, N, O… Elementler ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Metaller ve ametaller. Metaller ve genel Ozellikleri 1-Is\u0131 ve elektrigi iyi iletirler.2-Hg haric hepsi oda s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kat\u0131d\u0131r.3-Asit c\u00f6zeltileriyle \u00e7o\u011fu H2 gaz\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131ga c\u0131kar\u0131rlar.4-Kendi …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[2143,2145,2148,2144,2147,2140,2142,2146,2121,2141],"class_list":["post-735","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-ametaller","tag-c6h12o6","tag-erime-noktasi","tag-h2o","tag-kaynama-noktasi","tag-madde-ve-ozellikleri","tag-metaller","tag-nh3","tag-oz-kutle","tag-uzay"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/735","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=735"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/735\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=735"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=735"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=735"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}