Giri\u015f
\nBundan \u00f6nceki b\u00f6l\u00fcmde, maddelerin genel olarak iyonik ya da molek\u00fcler yap\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fck. \u0130yonik bile\u015fiklerin t\u00fcm\u00fc, oda ko\u015fullar\u0131nda kat\u0131 haldedir. Molek\u00fcler maddelerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 oda c\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ve 1 atmosfer bas\u0131n\u00e7ta gaz halindedir. Elementlerden H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2 ve soygazlar – He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn \u2013 gazd\u0131r(6.1 \u015eekil). Gaz halindeki \u00f6nemli bile\u015fikler ve \u00f6zellikleri 6.1 \u015eekilde g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. Elementlerden Cl2(g) ye\u015filimsi sar\u0131; Br2 (g) kahverengimsi k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131; I2 (g) mor renklidir. H2(g), O2(g), N2(g) gibi di\u011fer elementel gazlar renksizdir. <\/p>\n
25 \u00b0C ve 1 atm’de gaz faz\u0131nda bulunan elementler. Soygazlar (8A grubu elementleri) bir atomlu; di\u011ferleri iki atomludur. Ozon gaz\u0131 ise \u00fc\u00e7 atomlu molek\u00fcllerden(O3) olu\u015fur .<\/p>\n
6.1 Tablo Gaz Halindeki Baz\u0131 \u00d6nemli Bile\u015fikler
\nForm\u00fcl\u00fc Ad\u0131 \u00d6zellikleri
\nHCN Hidrojen siyan\u00fcr \u00c7ok zehirli, kokulu
\nHCl Hidrojen klor\u00fcr Zehirli, kokulu
\nH2S Hidrojen s\u00fclf\u00fcr \u00c7ok zehirli, \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fck yumurta kokulu
\nCO Karbon monoksit Zehirli, renksiz, kokusuz, yan\u0131c\u0131
\nCO2 Karbon dioksit Renksiz, kokusuz
\nCH4 Metan Renksiz, kokusuz, yan\u0131c\u0131
\nN2O Nitr\u00f6z oksit
\n(diazot monoksit) Renksiz, tatl\u0131 kokulu,
\n\u201cg\u00fcld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc gaz\u201c
\nNO2 Azot dioksit Kahverengi, pis kokulu
\nSO2 K\u00fck\u00fcrt dioksit Renksiz, pis kokulu<\/p>\n
Gaz terimi genelde, maddenin \u0131s\u0131 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda s\u0131v\u0131 halden sonra d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc fiziksel hali anlatmak \u00fczere kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bunu daha iyi anlamak i\u00e7in “buhar” ve “gaz” terimlerini ay\u0131rmal\u0131y\u0131z. \u00c7o\u011fu kez anlamda\u015f san\u0131lan bu terimlerin ay\u0131r\u0131m\u0131, gazlar\u0131 kavramada \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir temeldir.
\nGaz, bulundu\u011fu kab\u0131 t\u00fcm\u00fcyle doldurabilen ve s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmakla hacmi \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclt\u00fclebilen ak\u0131\u015fkanlar\u0131n genel ad\u0131d\u0131r (Ak\u0131\u015fkan, s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131 ve gazlar\u0131 niteleyen bir genellemedir). Buhar, kendi s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131 (ya da kat\u0131s\u0131) ile ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 kesilmemi\u015f olan gaz durumudur. Normal ko\u015fullarda s\u0131v\u0131 ya da kat\u0131 olan maddelerin “buhar”\u0131ndan, \u00e7ok daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131klarda buharla\u015fm\u0131\u015f ya da kaynam\u0131\u015f olan maddelerin de “gaz”\u0131ndan s\u00f6z ederiz. Su buhar\u0131, alkol buhar\u0131, metal buhar\u0131; hidrojen gaz\u0131, oksijen gaz\u0131, soy gazlar dememizin nedeni b\u00f6yle a\u00e7\u0131klanabilir.Gazlar\u0131 yaln\u0131zca so\u011futmakla ya da yaln\u0131zca s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmakla s\u0131v\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmak zordur.Gazlar so\u011futulurken s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak s\u0131v\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir; oysa buhar\u0131n s\u0131v\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in so\u011futulmas\u0131 yeterlidir.
\nSaf bir s\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n buhar bas\u0131nc\u0131, s\u0131v\u0131 miktar\u0131ndan ve kap hacminden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zd\u0131r. Yaln\u0131z s\u0131cakl\u0131kla de\u011fi\u015fir. Yani s\u0131cakl\u0131k ayn\u0131 kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece, kap hacminin ya da s\u0131v\u0131 miktar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmesi, o s\u0131v\u0131yla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 buhar bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmez. Oysa gazlar\u0131n bas\u0131nc\u0131, s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011fa oldu\u011fu gibi kap hacminin de\u011fi\u015fmesine kar\u015f\u0131 da son derece duyarl\u0131d\u0131r.
\nBu ger\u00e7ek \u015funu g\u00f6steriyor: Bir maddeye “gaz” diyebilmek i\u00e7in onun s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131 ya da kat\u0131s\u0131 ile ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 olmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu da s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n y\u00fcksek, kap hacminin de b\u00fcy\u00fck olmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ancak bu ko\u015fullarda molek\u00fcller aras\u0131 \u00e7ekim zay\u0131flar ve molek\u00fcller geli\u015fig\u00fczel, d\u00fczensiz hareketler yapabilir.<\/p>\n
B\u0130R MOL GAZIN KAPLADI\u011eI HAC\u0130M
\nBir maddenin kat\u0131, s\u0131v\u0131 ve gaz hallerinde hacimlerinin farkl\u0131 oldu\u011funu biliriz. \u015eimdi bunu, azot elementi \u00fczerinde daha yak\u0131ndan inceleyelim.
\nAzot (nitrojen) kat\u0131, s\u0131v\u0131 ve gaz halinde iki atomlu molek\u00fcllerden (N2) olu\u015fur. Molek\u00fcl k\u00fctlesi 28 akb dir; 1 mol N2 (6.02×1023 N2 molek\u00fcl\u00fc) 28 gramd\u0131r. Azot, -210 \u02daC un alt\u0131nda kat\u0131 haldedir ve yo\u011funlu\u011fu mililitre (mL) ba\u015f\u0131na 1.03 gramd\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re kat\u0131 haldeki azotun molak hacmi (yani bir mol\u00fcn\u00fcn hacmi)<\/p>\n
= 27.2 mL\/mol d\u00fcr.
\nBa\u015fka deyi\u015fle 1 mol kat\u0131 azotun hacmi 0.0272 L dir.<\/p>\n
Kat\u0131 haldeki azot, -210 \u02daC\u2019 ta erir ve s\u0131v\u0131 hale ge\u00e7er. S\u0131v\u0131 azotun da yo\u011funlu\u011fu mililitre ba\u015f\u0131na 0.81 gramd\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re s\u0131v\u0131 haldeki bir mol azotun hacmi:
\n= 34.6 mL\/mol d\u00fcr. <\/p>\n
Ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle 1 mol s\u0131v\u0131 azotun hacmi 0.0346 L dir.<\/p>\n
S\u0131cakl\u0131k, -196\u02daC ye y\u00fckseltilirse s\u0131v\u0131 azot kaynar. Gaz haline ge\u00e7mi\u015f olan azotun yo\u011funlu\u011fu kab\u0131n hacmine ve s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fir. \u015eimdi azot gaz\u0131 ile dolu kab\u0131n hacminin, 0 oC taki bir buz banyosuna konuldu\u011funda gaz bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131 1 atmosfere e\u015fitleyecek \u015fekilde de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim. Bu ko\u015fullarda azot gaz\u0131n\u0131n yo\u011funlu\u011fu 0.00125 g\/mL dir. Demek ki 0 oC ve 1 atm bas\u0131n\u00e7taki molar hacmi<\/p>\n
= 22.4 x 10\u00b3 mL\/mol d\u00fcr. <\/p>\n
molar k\u00fctle = molar hacim x yo\u011funluk<\/p>\n
molar hacim = molar k\u00fctle\/yo\u011funluk<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle 1 mol azot gaz\u0131n\u0131n 0 \u02daC ve 1 atm deki hacmi 22.4 L dir. G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi 1 mol N2 gaz\u0131n\u0131n hacmi, 1 mol N2 kat\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n hacminin yakla\u015f\u0131k 1000 kat\u0131d\u0131r. E\u011fer bir tek molek\u00fcl\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn kat\u0131, s\u0131v\u0131 ve gaz hallerinde ayn\u0131 kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcrse, gaz halinde molek\u00fcllerin birbirinden uzakla\u015fm\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131 gerekti\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Gaz molek\u00fclleri aras\u0131ndaki uzakl\u0131k, kat\u0131 haldekinin 1000 kat\u0131 dolay\u0131ndad\u0131r. Azot i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan deney sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 ba\u015fka gazlar i\u00e7in de bize \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutar.
\n0\u02daC s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve 1 atmosfer bas\u0131n\u00e7 ko\u015fullar\u0131na “normal ko\u015fullar” denir. Bu ko\u015fullarda 32 g oksijen gaz\u0131 (1 mol O2 molek\u00fcl\u00fc) de 22.4 L hacim kaplar; 2 g hidrojen gaz\u0131 (1 mol H2 molek\u00fcl\u00fc) de 22.4 L hacim kaplar.
\n0 oC s\u0131cakl\u0131kta ve 1 atmosfer bas\u0131n\u00e7ta 1 mol gaz 22.4 L hacim kaplar. Ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle 0 \u02daC \u2019ta 1 mol gaz\u0131n bas\u0131n\u00e7-hacim \u00e7arp\u0131m\u0131
\n(P x V), 22.4 d\u00fcr.
\nPxV = 22.4 (0\u00b0C \u2018ta)<\/p>\n
S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirsek, benzer bir genellemeye varabilir miyiz? Deneyler buna da olumlu yan\u0131t veriyor. 6.2 Tablo da 17 amonyak (1 mol NH3 molek\u00fcl\u00fc) gaz\u0131 i\u00e7in de\u011fi\u015fen bas\u0131n\u00e7, hacim ve (PxV) de\u011ferleri veriliyor. Ger\u00e7i \u00f6l\u00e7melerden ve ba\u015fka etkenlerden ileri gelen sapmalar ve benzersizlikler var; ama P x V = sabit d\u00fczenlili\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.
\n25 oC s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve 1 atmosfer bas\u0131n\u00e7 ko\u015fullar\u0131na “oda ko\u015fullar\u0131” denir. Oda ko\u015fullar\u0131nda 17 g NH3 gaz\u0131 ya da 32 g oksijen gaz\u0131 24.5 L hacim kaplar (6.2 Tablo).
\n25\u02daC ve 1 atm bas\u0131n\u00e7ta 1 mol gaz 24.5 L hacim kaplar. Ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle 25 \u00b0C ta 1 mol gaz\u0131n bas\u0131nc\u0131 ile hacminin \u00e7arp\u0131m\u0131 (P x V), 24.5 atmosfer x litre’dir.
\n25\u02daC de
\nPxV = 24.5
\n1 mol karbon dioksitin hacminin nas\u0131l belerlendi\u011fini 1.1 Deneyde inceleyece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n
6.1 \u00d6RNEK
\n0.6 g hidrojen gaz\u0131, 0.1 mol helyum gaz\u0131 ve 0.2 mol C atomu i\u00e7eren etan (C2H6) gaz\u0131n\u0131n 0\u02daC ve 1 atm bas\u0131n\u00e7ta( normal ko\u015fullarda) ka\u00e7 litre hacim kaplar?<\/p>\n
\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm
\nGazlar\u0131n toplam mol say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 bulmal\u0131y\u0131z:
\nHidrojen gaz\u0131n\u0131n mol say\u0131s\u0131= 0.6 g\/ 2 g\/mol = 0.3 mol H2
\nHelyum gaz\u0131n\u0131n mol say\u0131s\u0131 = 0.1 mol He
\n0.2 mol C atomu i\u00e7eren etan gaz\u0131 = 0.1 mol C2H6
\nGazlar\u0131n toplam mol say\u0131s\u0131= 0.3+0.1+0.1= 0.5 mol.
\nNormal ko\u015fullarda 1 mol gaz 22.4 L hacim kaplad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan,0.5 mol gaz 11.2 L hacim kaplar.<\/p>\n
6.2 K\u0130NET\u0130K TEOR\u0130<\/p>\n
\u0130deal gazlar\u0131n bas\u0131n\u00e7-hacim ili\u015fkileri,s\u0131cakl\u0131kla b\u0131s\u0131n\u00e7 ve hacimdeki de\u011fi\u015fmeler, ideal gazlar\u0131n kinetik kuram\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.Gazlar\u0131n davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131, maddenin tanecikli yap\u0131da oldu\u011funun en a\u00e7\u0131k delillerini olu\u015fturur. Sabit bas\u0131n\u00e7ta \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lan bir gaz\u0131n gei\u015flemesini nas\u0131l a\u00e7\u0131klayabiliriz? Sabit hacimde \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lan gaz\u0131n bas\u0131nc\u0131 ni\u00e7in artar? Gazlar\u0131n b\u00f6ylesi fiziksel davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131, gaz kab\u0131 i\u00e7inde s\u00fcrekli u\u00e7u\u015fan molek\u00fcller modeliyle a\u00e7\u0131klanabilir. Bu modele kinetik-molek\u00fcler kuram denir. Einstein’in “mekanik\u00e7i g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn etkisiyle sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f en b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015far\u0131lardan biridir” dedi\u011fi kinetik-molek\u00fcler kuram ideal gazlar\u0131n davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131klar. Bu kuram a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibi \u00f6zetlenebilir:<\/p>\n
1. Gazlar, herbiri h\u0131zl\u0131 ve s\u00fcrekli hareket halinde olan \u00e7ok say\u0131da molek\u00fcl i\u00e7erir (1.2 \u015eekil). “Molek\u00fcl” s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, genel olarak ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zca gezinen gaz taneciklerini anlat\u0131r. Baz\u0131 gazlar\u0131n taneci\u011fi molek\u00fcld\u00fcr; ancak soy gazlarda bu tanecik, atomdur.
\n2. Gaz molek\u00fcllerinin net hacimleri, bulunduklar\u0131 kap hacmi i\u00e7inde \u00f6nemsenmeyecek d\u00fczeydedir.
\n3. Gaz molek\u00fclleri aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7ekme ve itme kuvvetleri, \u00f6nemsenmeyecek kadar zay\u0131ft\u0131r.
\n4. Molek\u00fcller, hareketleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda birbirleriyle ve kap \u00e7eperiyle \u00e7arp\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Bu \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmalar s\u0131ras\u0131nda enerji transferleri olsa da s\u0131cakl\u0131k sabitken molek\u00fcl ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen ortalama kinetik enerji sabit kal\u0131r. Ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle gaz molek\u00fcllerinin \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, iki futbol topunun \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 gibi esnek \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmad\u0131r.
\n5. Molek\u00fcllerin ortalama kinetik enerjisi mutlak s\u0131cakl\u0131kla do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Gaz\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 artt\u0131k\u00e7a ortalama kinetik enerji de artar.<\/p>\n
Kinetik kuram \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, sabit s\u0131cakl\u0131kta bas\u0131n\u00e7-hacim de\u011fi\u015fmelerini, s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 olan bas\u0131n\u00e7 ve hacim de\u011fi\u015fmelerini kolayca yorumlayabiliriz. Hacmi (V) sabit tutulan bir gaz kab\u0131nda bas\u0131nc\u0131 art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in ne yapmal\u0131y\u0131z? Bas\u0131n\u00e7, gaz molek\u00fcllerinin kap \u00e7eperine vuru\u015funun bir belirtisidir. \u00d6yleyse V hacimli kaba gaz eklersek, yani birim hacme d\u00fc\u015fen molek\u00fcl say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131rsak bas\u0131n\u00e7 artar. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu s\u0131rada birim y\u00fczeye \u00e7arpma say\u0131s\u0131 artar. \u00d6te yandan sabit hacimli kapta gaz miktar\u0131 ayn\u0131 tutularak da bas\u0131n\u00e7 art\u0131r\u0131labilir. Bunun i\u00e7in s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131rmal\u0131y\u0131z. S\u0131cakl\u0131k art\u0131\u015f\u0131, molek\u00fcllerin h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r. Molek\u00fcl h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 da birim y\u00fczeye, birim zamanda \u00e7arpma say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bas\u0131nc\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r.
\nGaz halindeki maddelerin davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131, birisi ya da hepsi de\u011fi\u015febilen d\u00f6rt de\u011fi\u015fkenle a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131z:<\/p>\n
S\u0131cakl\u0131k, T Bas\u0131n\u00e7, P
\nHacim, V Mol say\u0131s\u0131, n<\/p>\n
Gazlar\u0131n Kinetik Kuram\u0131, gazlar\u0131n yasalar\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nMolek\u00fcllerin kinetik enerjilerini belirtmede iki ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131 kullan\u0131r\u0131z. Birisi Newton ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Belli bir s\u0131cakl\u0131kta molek\u00fcl k\u00fctlesi, M; molek\u00fcl h\u0131z\u0131, u olan bir molek\u00fcl\u00fcn kinetik enerjisi (Ek)<\/p>\n
Ek = (1\/2)Mu2
\nDi\u011fer ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131 ise kinetik enerjinin s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 verir. Ayn\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131kta olan gazlar\u0131n cinsi ne olursa olsun molek\u00fcllerin ortalama kinetik enerjileri e\u015fittir. S\u0131cakl\u0131k artt\u0131k\u00e7a belirli bir enerji baraj\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fan molek\u00fcl y\u00fczdesi de artar. Kinetik kuram \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda t\u00fcretilen ve bir molek\u00fcl\u00fcn kinetik enerjisini s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak veren ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n
Ek = (3\/2)kT<\/p>\n
Bu ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131da T, mutlak s\u0131cakl\u0131k (t \u02daC + 273); k ise Boltzmann sabiti diye an\u0131lan bir sabittir.
\n\u015eimdi belli bir gaz (\u00f6rne\u011fin oksijen gaz\u0131, O2) i\u00e7in bir ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131y\u0131 e\u015fitleyelim:<\/p>\n
(1\/2)Mu2 = (3\/2) kT<\/p>\n
Belli bir gaz i\u00e7in (\u00f6rne\u011fin O2 i\u00e7in) molek\u00fcl k\u00fctlesi (M) sabit bir de\u011ferdir. Buna ek olarak , ve k da sabit say\u0131lar oldu\u011funa g\u00f6re verilen bir gaz i\u00e7in u2, T ile do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r:
\n(u2 \u03b1 T ya da u T)<\/p>\n
T1 s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki molek\u00fcl h\u0131z\u0131 u1; T2 s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki h\u0131z u2 ile simgelenirse<\/p>\n
= sonucu \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilir. <\/p>\n
Bir gaz\u0131n molek\u00fcllerinin ortalama h\u0131z\u0131, mutlak s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n
\nkarek\u00f6k\u00fc ile do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fir.<\/p>\n
6.2 \u00d6RNEK
\nBir gaz\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 27 oC\u2019 tan 327\u02daC ‘a \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131yor. Molek\u00fcllerin ortalama h\u0131z\u0131 ka\u00e7 kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar?
\n\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm
\n27\u02daC deki h\u0131za u1 diyelim, T1 = 27\u02daC + 273 = 300 K
\n327\u02daC deki h\u0131za u2 diyelim, T= 327\u02daC + 273 = 600 K<\/p>\n
Demek s\u0131cakl\u0131k 300 K (27\u02daC ) den 600 K (327\u02daC ) e \u00e7\u0131karken molek\u00fcl h\u0131z\u0131 da yakla\u015f\u0131k 1.4 kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar(2\u2019nin karek\u00f6k\u00fc).<\/p>\n
6.3 YAYILMA HIZI
\nGraham Yasas\u0131. Gazlar\u0131n Yay\u0131lma (dif\u00fczyon) H\u0131zlar\u0131
\nGaz molek\u00fclleri, y\u00fcksek h\u0131zda hareket eder. Molek\u00fcllerin h\u0131z\u0131 gaz\u0131n cinsine ve s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fir. 1830 da Thomas Graham, gazlar\u0131n yay\u0131lma h\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131n molek\u00fcl k\u00fctlesinin kare k\u00f6k\u00fc ile ters orant\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011funu buldu. Yani molek\u00fcl k\u00fctlesi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olan gazlar\u0131n yay\u0131lma h\u0131z\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fc. Farkl\u0131 iki gaz\u0131n yay\u0131lma h\u0131zlar\u0131 oran\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131ya uyuyordu:<\/p>\n
Graham yasas\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle der:
\nAyn\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve bas\u0131n\u00e7a bulunan gaz molek\u00fcllerinin yay\u0131lma
\nH\u0131zlar\u0131,molek\u00fcl k\u00fctlelerinin kare k\u00f6k\u00fcyle ters orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ayn\u0131 ko\u015fullardaki iki farkl\u0131 gaz\u0131n h\u0131z ili\u015fkisi kinetik kuram\u0131n bir ilkesinden t\u00fcretilebilir. Kinetik kurama g\u00f6re, ayn\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131ktaki gazlar\u0131n t\u00fcr\u00fc ne olursa olsun molek\u00fcllerin ortalama kinetik enerjisi e\u015fittir.<\/p>\n
H2 i\u00e7in Ek = MA u2 A<\/p>\n
CO2 i\u00e7in Ek = MB u2 B yazabiliriz.<\/p>\n
Bunlar\u0131n e\u015fit mol say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131yaslamak, birer molek\u00fcllerini de k\u0131yaslamak olacakt\u0131r. MA, H2 nin molek\u00fcl k\u00fctlesini, MB de CO2 nin molek\u00fcl k\u00fctlesini g\u00f6steriyor. Ayn\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131kta kinetik enerjiler e\u015fit oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in,
\nMA u2 A = MB u2 B<\/p>\n
yazabiliriz. \u0130\u015fte bu e\u015fitlik d\u00fczenlenince Graham’\u0131n vard\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucu elde ederiz.<\/p>\n
Graham yay\u0131lma denklemi, yo\u011funluk ili\u015fkisine de kolayca uyarlanabilir. Gaz yo\u011funluklar\u0131, ayn\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve bas\u0131n\u00e7ta kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir. <\/p>\n
6.3 \u00d6RNEK
\nHidrojen molek\u00fclleri (H2), ayn\u0131 ko\u015fullarda pentan (C5H12) molek\u00fcllerine g\u00f6re ka\u00e7 kat h\u0131zl\u0131 yay\u0131l\u0131r? (H2: 2 g\/mol; C5H12: 72 g\/mol)
\n\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm
\nYay\u0131lma (difuzyon) h\u0131z\u0131, ayn\u0131 ko\u015fullardaki gazlarda molek\u00fcl k\u00fctlesi ile ters orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Molek\u00fcl k\u00fctlesi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in H2 molek\u00fcllerinin yay\u0131lma h\u0131z\u0131 daha b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Buna g\u00f6re H2 molek\u00fclleri 6 birim yol ald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda C5H12 molek\u00fclleri ancak 1 birim yol alabilir.<\/p>\n
1.4 \u00d6RNEK
\nHelyum (He) atomlar\u0131, ayn\u0131 ko\u015fullarda
\n(a) CH4(g); (b) SO2(g); (c) HBr(g) molek\u00fcllerine g\u00f6re ka\u00e7 kat h\u0131zla yay\u0131l\u0131r?<\/p>\n
(H:1; He:4; C:12; O:16; S:32; Br:80)<\/p>\n
Yan\u0131t
\n(a) 2; (b) 4; (c) 9\/2<\/p>\n
6.5 \u00d6RNEK
\nUzunluklar\u0131 e\u015fit olan iki borudan birine CH4(g) di\u011ferine SO2(g) sevk ediliyor. Gazlar, ayn\u0131 ko\u015fullardad\u0131r. CH4 gaz\u0131 borunun di\u011fer ucuna 60 saniyede ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re SO2 gaz\u0131 ka\u00e7 saniyede ula\u015f\u0131r? (CH4; 16 g\/mol; SO2 64 g\/mol)<\/p>\n
\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm
\nBurada gazlar\u0131n ayn\u0131 yolu alaca\u011f\u0131na dikkat ediniz. Molek\u00fcl h\u0131zlar\u0131 ile molek\u00fcl
\nk\u00fctleleri aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131da h\u0131z = ili\u015fkisini koyarsak;<\/p>\n
= = = ve = = den <\/p>\n
= 120 s bulunur.<\/p>\n
6.4 GAZ BASINCI VE \u00d6L\u00c7\u00dcLMES\u0130
\nGazlar\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilen \u00f6zellikleri s\u0131cakl\u0131k, hacim ve bas\u0131n\u00e7t\u0131r. Bas\u0131n\u00e7, birim y\u00fczeye dik olarak etkiyen kuvvet olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r:<\/p>\n
bas\u0131n\u00e7 = <\/p>\n
Bildi\u011finiz gibi hava, bir gaz kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. Hacimce %78.08 azot, %20.95 oksijen, %0.93 argon ve %0.03 karbon dioksit i\u00e7erir. Hava, D\u00fcnya y\u00fczeyine bir bas\u0131n\u00e7 uygular.<\/p>\n
Atmosferin d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her kilometre karesine d\u00fc\u015fen k\u00fctlesi 5 x 1018 kg, her metrekaresine d\u00fc\u015fen de 10\u06524kg d\u0131r. Atmosfer bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131 ilk kez 1643’de \u0130talyan fizik\u00e7i Evangelista Torricelli (1608-1647) \u00f6l\u00e7meyi ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Atmosfer (hava) bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7mede kullan\u0131lan ayg\u0131tlara barometre denir. Bir ucu kapal\u0131 uzun bir boruya c\u0131va doldurup sonra bunu bir c\u0131va \u00e7ana\u011f\u0131na dald\u0131rarak bir barometre yapabiliriz. Borudaki c\u0131van\u0131n dibe do\u011fru yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bas\u0131n\u00e7, hava bas\u0131nc\u0131na e\u015fit olana dek borudaki c\u0131van\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u00e7ana\u011fa akacakt\u0131r. Sonu\u00e7ta olu\u015fan c\u0131va s\u00fctununun y\u00fcksekli\u011fi (h), hava
\nbas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterecektir. C\u0131va s\u00fctunu \u00fczerinde az miktarda c\u0131va buhar\u0131 bulunur; ama onun bas\u0131nc\u0131 \u00f6nemsenmeyecek derecede d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr (6.6 \u015eekil).
\nHavan\u0131n bas\u0131nc\u0131, s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011fa, bulunulan y\u00fcksekli\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak g\u00fcnden g\u00fcne de\u011fi\u015fir. Ancak hava bas\u0131nc\u0131 deniz seviyesinde 760 mmHg (1 atm) dolay\u0131nda seyreder. \u00d6l\u00e7melerde birli\u011fi sa\u011flamak ve kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapabilmek i\u00e7in standart bas\u0131n\u00e7 olarak, 760 mmHg s\u00fctunu se\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir.
\n(Standart atmosfer bas\u0131nc\u0131 760 mmHg = 1 atm <\/p>\n
Herhangi bir gaz \u00f6rne\u011finin bas\u0131nc\u0131 da ilke olarak barometreye benzeyen ayg\u0131tlarla \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu ayg\u0131tlara manometre denir. 1.7 \u015eekilde kapal\u0131 u\u00e7lu ve a\u00e7\u0131k u\u00e7lu manometre tipleri g\u00f6steriliyor.
\nKapal\u0131 u\u00e7lu (1.7 a \u015fekli) manometrede c\u0131va s\u00fctununun a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 do\u011fru yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bas\u0131n\u00e7, gaz bas\u0131nc\u0131 ile dengelenmi\u015ftir. Gaz\u0131n bas\u0131nc\u0131 = h1 dir.
\nA\u00e7\u0131k u\u00e7lu manometrelerde (1.7 b ve c \u015fekilleri) sa\u011fdaki c\u0131va s\u00fctunu \u00fczerinde atmosfer bas\u0131nc\u0131 etkilidir. 1.7 (b) \u015feklinde gaz bas\u0131nc\u0131 = h2 + atmosfer bas\u0131nc\u0131, 1.7 (c) \u015feklinde ise gaz bas\u0131nc\u0131 + h3 = atmosfer bas\u0131nc\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
6.6 \u00d6RNEK
\nC\u0131van\u0131n yo\u011funlu\u011fu 13.6 g\/mL, suyunki 1 g\/mL oldu\u011funa g\u00f6re c\u0131va yerine su kullan\u0131lsayd\u0131,<\/p>\n
(a) Standart atmosfer bas\u0131nc\u0131 ka\u00e7 mm H2O olurdu?
\n(b) 6.7 \u015eekildeki (b) manometresinde h2 = 136 mm H2O oldu\u011funda ve atmosfer bas\u0131nc\u0131 730 mm Hg oldu\u011funa g\u00f6re gaz bas\u0131nc\u0131 ka\u00e7 mm Hg olurdu?<\/p>\n
\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm
\nC\u0131va yerine su kullan\u0131lsa k\u00fctleler e\u015fit, ama kolon uzunlu\u011fu farkl\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. 13.6 g c\u0131va (1 mL), 13.6 g su (13.6 mL).
\n(a) Standart atmosfer bas\u0131nc\u0131 760 mmHg d\u0131r.
\nC\u0131va 1 mL iken, su 13.6 kat oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in
\n760 x 13.6 = 103400 mm = 10.34 m
\n(b) Hat\u0131rlanaca\u011f\u0131 gibi c\u0131va, suya g\u00f6re 13.6 kat yo\u011fundur. Buna g\u00f6re 136 mm H2O ile 10 mm Hg ayn\u0131 bas\u0131nc\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Yani h2 = 10 mm Hg dir.
\nManometrede Pgaz = h2 + Patm oldu\u011fundan Pgaz = 10 + 730 = 740 mm Hg olur.<\/p>\n
6.7 \u00d6RNEK
\nBir kaptaki gaz bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131 hangi yollarla art\u0131rabiliriz?<\/p>\n
\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm
\nBas\u0131n\u00e7, kap \u00e7eperinin birim y\u00fczeyine birim zamanda molek\u00fcllerin \u00e7arpmas\u0131n\u0131n bir g\u00f6stergesidir. Bas\u0131nc\u0131 art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in;
\n* Kap hacmi ve s\u0131cakl\u0131k sabitken kaba ayn\u0131 ya da farkl\u0131 gaz (tepkimeye girmeyen) eklemek
\n* Kap hacmi sabitken kab\u0131 \u0131s\u0131tmak (s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fckseltmek)
\n* S\u0131cakl\u0131k ve gaz miktar\u0131 sabitken kab\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak (kap hacmini k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcltmek) i\u015flemleri uygun olur.<\/p>\n
Boyle Yasas\u0131. P – V Ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 <\/p>\n
Bu de\u011fi\u015fkenler aras\u0131ndaki ilk ili\u015fki, 162 de Robert Boyle (1627 – 1691) taraf\u0131ndan denel olarak bulundu. Boyle yasas\u0131 denen bu yasa \u015f\u00f6yle der:<\/p>\n
Sabit s\u0131cakl\u0131kta miktar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmeyen bir gaz\u0131n hacmi, bas\u0131nc\u0131 ile ters orant\u0131l\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fir.<\/p>\n
Belirli bir gaz\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fen bas\u0131n\u00e7lara ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fen hacimler almas\u0131, Boyle’un ilgin\u00e7 bir bulu\u015fudur. Deneylerinde 1.8 \u015fekildeki gibi J-\u015feklinde t\u00fcpler kullanm\u0131\u015f, onlara c\u0131va ekleyerek de\u011fi\u015fen gaz hacimlerini \u00f6l\u00e7m\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Boyle yasas\u0131na g\u00f6re s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sabit tutulan bir gaz\u0131n hacmi yar\u0131ya inecek \u015fekilde s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rsa bas\u0131nc\u0131 iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar. Ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle miktar\u0131 ve s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sabit tutulan bir gaz\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fen hacmi ile de\u011fi\u015fen bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7arp\u0131mlar\u0131 sabittir.<\/p>\n
Miktar\u0131 ve s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sabit tutulan bir gazda bas\u0131n\u00e7 x hacim de\u011feri sabittir: PV = sabit = a. Bu durum 1.8 \u015eekil (a) daki grafikte g\u00f6steriliyor. Boyle ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 V = a\/P ya da P = a\/V bi\u00e7iminde de yaz\u0131labilir.
\nBir miktar gaz\u0131n ayn\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131ktaki farkl\u0131 bas\u0131n\u00e7 ve hacim de\u011ferleri i\u00e7in P1 . V1 = P2 . V2 yaz\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n
1.8 \u00d6RNEK<\/p>\n
\u015eekildeki manometre sisteminde ayn\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131kta oksijen gaz\u0131 bulunuyor. Buna g\u00f6re s\u0131cakl\u0131k sabit tutularak M muslu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k u\u00e7lu manometrede c\u0131va d\u00fczeyi fark\u0131 ka\u00e7 mm Hg olur?<\/p>\n
\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm
\nM muslu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sistemin hacmi 3L olur. 1L hacimli kaptaki O2 nin bas\u0131nc\u0131 600 mmHg dir, musluk a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131nca bas\u0131n\u00e7, \u00fc\u00e7te birine inecek, 200 mmHg olacakt\u0131r.
\n2 L lik kaptaki O2 nin bas\u0131nc\u0131 Pgaz + 160 = 760 mm den Pgaz = 600 mm Hg dir. P1V1 = P2V2 ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re 600 x 2 = P2 x 3 den P2 = 400 mm Hg bulunur. Son bas\u0131n\u00e7, 200 + 400 = 600 mm Hg dir. C\u0131va d\u00fczeyi ayn\u0131 kal\u0131r.<\/p>\n
1.9 \u00d6RNEK<\/p>\n
\u015eekildeki sistemde ayn\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131ktaki gazlar\u0131n, musluklar kapal\u0131 iken bas\u0131n\u00e7lar\u0131 veriliyor.<\/p>\n
(a) He(g) ile SO2(g) aras\u0131ndaki musluk a\u00e7\u0131lsa sistemin toplam bas\u0131nc\u0131 ka\u00e7 atm olur? SO2(g) nin k\u0131sm\u00ee bas\u0131nc\u0131 ka\u00e7 atm olur?
\n(b) Gaz kaplar\u0131n\u0131 birle\u015ftiren \u00fc\u00e7 musluk da a\u00e7\u0131lsa sistemin bas\u0131nc\u0131 ka\u00e7 atm olur?<\/p>\n
\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm
\n(a) \u0130ki gaz kab\u0131 birbirine a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131nca, homojen gaz kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 olu\u015fur ve bu durumda Pson x Vson = P1 x V1 ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131ndan yararlan\u0131labilir. Ama \u00f6nce soruyu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce g\u00fcc\u00fcyle \u00e7\u00f6zmeyi deneyelim. He ve SO2 gazlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki musluk a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131nca son hacim 5L olur. \u0130ki gaz\u0131n bas\u0131nc\u0131 da azal\u0131r. Helyumun hacmi be\u015f kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in bas\u0131nc\u0131 be\u015fte birine iner. K\u00fck\u00fcrt dioksidin hacmi 4L den 5L ye \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in bas\u0131nc\u0131 be\u015fte d\u00f6rd\u00fcne iner. Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye g\u00f6re PHe = 1 atm, PSO2 = 1.25 atm ve Pson = 2.25 atm olur.
\n(b) Kaplar aras\u0131ndaki \u00fc\u00e7 muslukta a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131nca,<\/p>\n
Pson x Vson = P1 x V1 + P2 xV2+ P3 x V3 olur.<\/p>\n
Vson = V1 + V2 + V3 t\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Pson (1 + 4 + 5) = (5 x 1) + (5 x 4) + (8 x 5) = 65 ve Pson = 6.5 atm bulunur.
\n1.10 \u00d6RNEK
\nhacmi 3 L olan bir kapta bas\u0131nc\u0131 4 atm olan bir ideal gaz bulunuyor. Bu kaptan al\u0131nan bir miktar gaz 1L hacimli bir kapta 3 atm bas\u0131n\u00e7 g\u00f6steriyor.
\n\u0130lk kapta kalan gaz\u0131n bas\u0131nc\u0131 ka\u00e7 atm dir?<\/p>\n
\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm
\nBa\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta gaz\u0131n bas\u0131n\u00e7 – hacim \u00e7arp\u0131m\u0131, P x V = 3 x 4 = 12 dir. Al\u0131nan \u00f6rne\u011fin, 1 x 3 = 3; kalan gaz\u0131nki de 3 x P dir. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7taki bas\u0131n\u00e7 _ hacim \u00e7arp\u0131m\u0131, ayr\u0131lan ve kalan k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n bas\u0131n\u00e7 – hacim \u00e7arp\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n toplam\u0131na e\u015fittir: 12 = 3 + (3xP) den P = 3 atm bulunur.\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcme, ayr\u0131lan gaz\u0131n P x V \u00e7arp\u0131m\u0131ndan da yakla\u015f\u0131labilir. Ayr\u0131lan 1 L lik gaz 3L hacimdeyken 1 atm bas\u0131n\u00e7 yapmaktad\u0131r. Bu ayr\u0131l\u0131nca 4 – 1 = 3 atm kal\u0131r.<\/p>\n
1.11 \u00d6RNEK
\nHacmi bilinmeyen bir balonda bas\u0131nc\u0131 800 mmHg olan bir ideal gaz bulunuyor. Bu balondan al\u0131nan 5 cm3 gaz \u00f6rne\u011fi 1 atm bas\u0131n\u00e7 g\u00f6sterirken kalan gaz\u0131n bas\u0131nc\u0131 da 600 mmHg ye iniyor.
\n\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcmler ayn\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131kta oldu\u011funa g\u00f6re ilk balonun hacmi ka\u00e7 cm3 t\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm
\n\u0130lk balonun hacmi V cm3 olsun. Bu balondan 5 cm3 gaz al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kalan gaz\u0131n hacmi (V-5) de\u011fil, V cm3t\u00fcr. Gazlar, konulduklar\u0131 kab\u0131 t\u00fcm\u00fcyle doldurur. \u0130lk durumdaki bas\u0131n\u00e7 ve hacim \u00e7arp\u0131m\u0131; al\u0131nan ve kalan gazlar\u0131n bas\u0131n\u00e7 ve hacim \u00e7arp\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n toplam\u0131na e\u015fit olur. Bunun i\u00e7in 800 x V = 5 x 760 + 600 x V yaz\u0131labilir. Buradan V = 19 cm3 bulunur.<\/p>\n
Dalton’un K\u0131sm\u00ee Bas\u0131n\u00e7lar Yasas\u0131
\nSabit s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve hacimde gaz\u0131n mol say\u0131s\u0131 ile bas\u0131nc\u0131 do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fir:<\/p>\n
P \uf061 n
\nBu sonu\u00e7, birbiriyle tepkimeye girmeyen iki ya da daha \u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fken gaz kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131na da uyarlanabilir. Bir kaptaki gaz kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n toplam bas\u0131nc\u0131 bile\u015fenlerinin bas\u0131n\u00e7lar\u0131 toplam\u0131na e\u015fittir. \u0130lk olarak John Dalton taraf\u0131ndan bulunmu\u015f olan k\u0131sm\u00ee bas\u0131n\u00e7lar yasas\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle der:<\/p>\n
Bir gaz kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n toplam bas\u0131nc\u0131, kar\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n k\u0131sm\u00ee bas\u0131n\u00e7lar\u0131 toplam\u0131na e\u015fittir.
\nK\u0131sm\u00ee bas\u0131n\u00e7 ne demektir? K\u0131sm\u00ee bas\u0131n\u00e7, bir gaz kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131nda kar\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n pay\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen bas\u0131n\u00e7t\u0131r. Bir kaptaki gaz kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131nda bir gaz\u0131n k\u0131sm\u00ee bas\u0131nc\u0131, o gaz\u0131n kaba tek ba\u015f\u0131na konmas\u0131yla g\u00f6sterece\u011fi bas\u0131n\u00e7t\u0131r.
\nA, B … gazlar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in, Ptoplam = PA + PB + … yaz\u0131labilir (1.11 \u015eekil).
\nGaz kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131nda her gaz ayn\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131kta ayn\u0131 hacmi kaplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in k\u0131sm\u00ee bas\u0131n\u00e7lar, mol say\u0131lar\u0131 ile do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131 olur.
\nPA \uf061 nA; PB \uf061 nB ve PC \uf061 nC dir. <\/p>\n
Hacim ve s\u0131cakl\u0131k e\u015fit oldu\u011fundan<\/p>\n
PA = nA ( ), PB = nB ( ), PC = nC ( ), vb…<\/p>\n
( ) oran\u0131 sabit oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in<\/p>\n
= ; = ; = yaz\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n
1.12 \u00d6RNEK
\n1 g H2 ve 6 g He gaz\u0131 belli bir s\u0131cakl\u0131kta bir kapta toplam 4 atm bas\u0131n\u00e7 yap\u0131yor. Her gaz\u0131n k\u0131smi bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131 hesaplay\u0131n\u0131z. (H: 1; He: 4)<\/p>\n
\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm
\n\u00d6nce gazlar\u0131n mol say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 bulal\u0131m.<\/p>\n
H2 nin mol say\u0131s\u0131 = 1 g H2 x = 0.5 mol H2<\/p>\n
He un mol say\u0131s\u0131 = 6 g He x = 1.5 mol He<\/p>\n
Toplam mol say\u0131s\u0131 = 0.5 mol H2 + 1.5 mol He = 2 mol<\/p>\n
2 mol gaz 4 atm
\n0,5 mol H2 x = ?<\/p>\n
H2nin k\u0131sm\u00ee bas\u0131nc\u0131 = 1 atm
\nHe nin k\u0131sm\u00ee bas\u0131nc\u0131 = 4 atm – 1 atm = 3 atm.<\/p>\n
1.13 \u00d6RNEK
\n50 g CH4 (g) ve 50 g SO2 ( g) den olu\u015fan bir gaz kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n toplam bas\u0131nc\u0131 300 mmHgdir. Buna g\u00f6re CH4 \u00fcn k\u0131sm\u00ee bas\u0131nc\u0131 ka\u00e7 mm Hg dir? (CH4 : 16 g\/mol; SO2 : 64 g\/mol)<\/p>\n
Yan\u0131t
\n240 mm Hg<\/p>\n
Gazlar\u0131n Su \u00dczerinde Toplanmas\u0131<\/p>\n
Dalton\u2019un k\u0131smi bas\u0131n\u00e7lar yasas\u0131,su \u00fczerinde toplanm\u0131\u015f gazlar\u0131n bas\u0131n\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n hesaplanmas\u0131nda da kullan\u0131l\u0131r. 1.12 \u015eekildeki d\u00fczenek \u00f6rne\u011fin \u00e7inko (Zn) \u00fczerine hidroklorik asit \u00e7\u00f6zeltisi eklenmesiyle olu\u015fan hidrojen gaz\u0131n\u0131n su \u00fczerinde toplanmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. Gaz toplama t\u00fcp\u00fcne giren gaz t\u00fcpteki suyu a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya do\u011fru iter. Gaz miktar\u0131 artt\u0131k\u00e7a su d\u00fczeyi al\u00e7al\u0131r. Gaz toplama t\u00fcp\u00fcndeki su d\u00fczeyi alt kaptaki su d\u00fczeyi ile e\u015fitlendi\u011finde gaz bas\u0131nc\u0131 hava bas\u0131nc\u0131na e\u015fitlenmi\u015ftir.T\u00fcpteki bas\u0131n\u00e7, gaz\u0131n ve su buhar\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131smi bas\u0131n\u00e7lar\u0131 toplam\u0131na e\u015fittir.
\nGaz\u0131n bas\u0131nc\u0131,barometre bas\u0131nc\u0131ndan deneme yap\u0131lan s\u0131cakl\u0131ktaki suyun buhar bas\u0131nc\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131larak bulunur.
\nSu, s\u0131v\u0131 olarak bulundu\u011fu her s\u0131cakl\u0131kta buharla\u015f\u0131r. Her s\u0131cakl\u0131k i\u00e7in sabit olan bir buhar bas\u0131nc\u0131 vard\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin 0 oC\u2019ta suyun buhar bas\u0131nc\u0131 4 mmHg,25 oC\u2019ta 23.8 mmHg ve 100 oC\u2019ta 760 mmHg\u2019dir.Suyun buhar bas\u0131nc\u0131,su miktar\u0131na,su y\u00fczeyinin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ya da kab\u0131n \u015fekline ba\u011fl\u0131 de\u011fildir;s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011fa ve suyun saf olup olmamas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
1.14 \u00d6RNEK
\nPistonlu bir kaptaki su \u00fczerinde k\u0131smi bas\u0131nc\u0131 200 mmHg olan oksijen gaz\u0131 toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131kta gaz hacmi yar\u0131ya inecek \u015fekilde piston a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya do\u011fru itiliyor. Verilen s\u0131cakl\u0131kta suyun buhar bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131n 40 mmHg oldu\u011fu ve gaz\u0131n suda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnmedi\u011fi varsay\u0131l\u0131yor. Buna g\u00f6re son toplam bas\u0131n\u00e7 ka\u00e7 mmHg olur?
\n\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm
\nGaz hacmi yar\u0131ya indi\u011fi i\u00e7in oksijen gaz\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131smi bas\u0131nc\u0131 iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kacak ve 400 mmHg olacak;ama suyun buhar bas\u0131nc\u0131 ayn\u0131 kalacakt\u0131r.Buna g\u00f6re son toplam bas\u0131n\u00e7 440 mmHg olur.<\/p>\n
1.15 \u00d6RNEK
\nBelli bir s\u0131cakl\u0131kta su \u00fczerinde 1 g H2 (g) ve 4 g CH4 (g) toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. PCH4 =100 mmHg\u2019dir.
\nAyn\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131kta gaz ve su buhar\u0131 bulunan hacim iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kacak \u015fekilde piston yukar\u0131 \u00e7ekiliyor.<\/p>\n
1.5 GAZ HACM\u0130N\u0130N SICAKLI\u011eA BA\u011eLILI\u011eI<\/p>\n
Charles Yasas\u0131
\nGazlar\u0131n hacminin s\u0131cakl\u0131kla de\u011fi\u015fimi, ilk olarak 1787’de Frans\u0131z fizik\u00e7i Jacques Charles (“Jak \u015earl”) (1746-1823) taraf\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131. Charles, miktar\u0131 ve bas\u0131nc\u0131 sabit tutulan bir gaz\u0131n hacminin s\u0131cakl\u0131kla do\u011frusal olarak de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fini buldu. Bu olaya ili\u015fkin baz\u0131 tipik veriler 1.12 de g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. Denel verilere ait do\u011fru, s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmesine uyarlanarak hacim azalt\u0131l\u0131rsa en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131k noktas\u0131 olarak -273.150C ye var\u0131l\u0131r. -2730C ye ba\u011fl\u0131 yeni bir s\u0131cakl\u0131k \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi geli\u015ftirilerek -273 oC = 0 K denildi. Bu yeni \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fe Kelvin \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi, ;2730C ye de mutlak s\u0131f\u0131r s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 denir. Bu s\u0131cakl\u0131k \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak Charles yasas\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle der:<\/p>\n
Miktar\u0131 ve bas\u0131nc\u0131 sabit tutulan bir gaz\u0131n hacmi, mutlak s\u0131cakl\u0131kla do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fir.<\/p>\n
Matematiksel olarak<\/p>\n
V \uf061T ya da V = k T yaz\u0131labilir. n ve P sabitken <\/p>\n
= ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 t\u00fcretilebilir.<\/p>\n
Buna g\u00f6re miktar\u0131 ve bas\u0131nc\u0131 sabit tutulan bir gaz\u0131n hacmi 100 K de 4L ise 200 K de 8 L olur.<\/p>\n
1.16 \u00d6RNEK
\n-73 oC de hacmi 6L olan bir ideal gaz\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ayn\u0131 bas\u0131n\u00e7ta 127 oC ye \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131nca do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fir.<\/p>\n
V1 = 6 L V2 = ?<\/p>\n
= ve = V2 = 12 L<\/p>\n
1.17 \u00d6RNEK
\nHacmi 100 L ve s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 27 oC olan bir gaz\u0131n hacmini sabit bas\u0131n\u00e7ta 200 L ye \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in s\u0131cakl\u0131k ka\u00e7 o C olmal\u0131d\u0131r?<\/p>\n
\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm
\nVerilen bilgileri belirtelim:<\/p>\n
V1 = 100L T1 = 27 + 273 = 300K<\/p>\n
V1 = 200L T2 = ?<\/p>\n
= ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re, <\/p>\n
= den T2 = 600K bulunur.<\/p>\n
Santigrat dereceyi (oC) bulmam\u0131z isteniyor. 600 – 273 = 327 oC<\/p>\n
1.6 K\u0130NET\u0130K TEOR\u0130 VE AVOGADRO H\u0130POTEZ\u0130
\nKinetik kuram,molek\u00fcllerin s\u00fcrekli hareketine ve \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n esnek \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fma olmas\u0131na dayan\u0131r. Bu temeli g\u00fc\u00e7lendiren \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131,kimyaya molek\u00fcl terimini kazand\u0131ran Avogadro yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.Gaz miktar\u0131 ile gaz hacmi aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiler, Frans\u0131z bilimci Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778 – 1850) ve \u0130talyan bilimci Amedeo Avogadro (1776 – 1856) taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirildi. Gay-Lussac, en \u00f6nemli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 olan sabit hacim oranlar\u0131 yasas\u0131n\u0131 1808’de a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131.<\/p>\n
Ayn\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve bas\u0131n\u00e7taki gazlar tepkimeye girerken basit,
\ntam say\u0131l\u0131 hacim oranlar\u0131nda birle\u015fir.<\/p>\n
Bu yasa, gazlar\u0131n ve daha genel olarak maddenin tanecikli yap\u0131da oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyordu.Avogadro \u201chacim oranlar\u0131\u201d ili\u015fkisinin \u201cmolek\u00fcl say\u0131s\u0131 oranlar\u0131\u201dna ba\u011flanabilece\u011fini sezmi\u015fti.1.14 \u015eekile g\u00f6re bir hacim azot gaz\u0131, ayn\u0131 ko\u015fullarda bir hacim oksijen gaz\u0131 ile birle\u015fiyor e iki hacim azot monoksit gaz\u0131 olu\u015fturuyor. \u0130ki hacim hidrojen gaz\u0131, bir hacim oksijen gaz\u0131 ile birle\u015fip iki hacim su buhar\u0131 verir. Bu deney sonu\u00e7lar\u0131, Dalton atom kuram\u0131n\u0131n ortaya at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131llarda elde edilmi\u015fti. Maddelerin atom i\u00e7erdi\u011fi kesindi. Avogadro bir ad\u0131m ileri gitti molek\u00fcl kavram\u0131n\u0131 ortaya att\u0131. Gazlardaki “e\u015fit hacim” ili\u015fkisinin ancak “e\u015fit molek\u00fcl” ili\u015fkisiyle olabilece\u011fini kestirdi. Yani kinetik kuram\u0131 gazlara uygulad\u0131 ve kuramdaki “tanecik modeli”nin “molek\u00fcl modeli” olabilece\u011fini g\u00f6sterdi.<\/p>\n
Gay-Lussac’\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 temelinde Avogadro, 1811’de \u00fcnl\u00fc \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc (hipotezini) ortaya att\u0131:<\/p>\n
Ayn\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve bas\u0131n\u00e7ta olan gazlar\u0131n e\u015fit hacimlerinde e\u015fit say\u0131da molek\u00fcl vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ortaya at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131llarda deneysel destekten yoksun oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in ancak hipotez olan bu ger\u00e7ek, deneylerle do\u011fruland\u0131 ve yasa niteli\u011fine kavu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n
Avogadro yasas\u0131 iki bi\u00e7imde anlat\u0131labilir:<\/p>\n
1. Ayn\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve bas\u0131n\u00e7taki gazlar\u0131n e\u015fit hacimlerinde e\u015fit say\u0131da molek\u00fcl bulunur.<\/p>\n
2. Farkl\u0131 gazlar\u0131n ayn\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve bas\u0131n\u00e7taki molek\u00fcl say\u0131lar\u0131 e\u015fitse hacimleri de e\u015fittir.<\/p>\n
Gay-Lussac yasas\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda suyun olu\u015fumu
\n2 hacim hidrojen gaz\u0131 + 1 hacim oksijen gaz\u0131 \u00ab 2 hacim su buhar\u0131 olarak yaz\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n
Avogadro yasas\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise
\n2 molek\u00fcl hidrojen + 1 molek\u00fcl oksijen \u00ab 2 molek\u00fcl su
\n2n molek\u00fcl hidrojen + 1n molek\u00fcl oksijen \u00ab 2n molek\u00fcl su
\n2H2(g) + O2(g) \u00ab 2H2O (g)
\nolarak yaz\u0131l\u0131r. (1.15 \u015eekil).
\nBenzer \u015fekilde hidrojen ve klor gazlar\u0131ndan hidrojen klor\u00fcr gaz\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fumu \u015f\u00f6yle yaz\u0131labilir:<\/p>\n
1 hacim hidrojen gaz\u0131 + 1 hacim klor gaz\u0131 \u00ab 2 hacim hidrojen klor\u00fcr gaz\u0131
\n1 hidrojen molek\u00fcl\u00fc + 1 klor molek\u00fcl\u00fc \u00ab 2 hidrojen klor\u00fcr molek\u00fcl\u00fc
\nn hidrojen molek\u00fcl\u00fc + n klor molek\u00fcl\u00fc \u00ab 2n hidrojen klor\u00fcr molek\u00fcl\u00fc<\/p>\n
H2(g) + Cl2(g) \u00ab 2HCl (g)<\/p>\n
1.15 \u00d6RNEK
\n100 g CH4(g) nin 100L geldi\u011fi s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve bas\u0131n\u00e7ta 100 g SO2 (g) ka\u00e7 L hacim kaplar? (CH4: 16 g\/mol; SO2: 64 g\/mol).<\/p>\n
\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm
\nAyn\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131kta ve bas\u0131n\u00e7taki gazlarda hacim oranlar\u0131, mol say\u0131s\u0131 oranlar\u0131na e\u015fittir. (Avogadro yasas\u0131).<\/p>\n
= = = = 25 L bulunur.<\/p>\n
1.16 \u00d6RNEK
\nSabit hacimli bir kapta, ayn\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131kta 8.8 g CO2 (g) ile 9.2 g XO2 (g) ayn\u0131 bas\u0131nc\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. X in atom k\u00fctlesi ka\u00e7t\u0131r?
\n(C: 12; O:16)<\/p>\n
\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm
\nGazlar\u0131n 4 \u00f6\u011fesinden (P, V, n, T) \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc ayn\u0131 olan iki gazda d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc \u00f6\u011fe de ayn\u0131d\u0131r. Bu \u00f6rnekte iki gazda, V, T ve P e\u015fittir; \u00f6yleyse gazlar\u0131n mol say\u0131lar\u0131 (n) da e\u015fittir.<\/p>\n
CO2 nin mol say\u0131s\u0131 = = 0.2 mol<\/p>\n
XO2 nin molar k\u00fctlesini X + 32 olarak al\u0131rsak<\/p>\n
0.2 mol XO2 = den X = 14 bulunur.<\/p>\n
1.7 \u0130DEAL GAZ DENKLEM\u0130
\nBu e\u015fitlik, \u00fc\u00e7 gaz yasas\u0131n\u0131n bile\u015fiminden olu\u015fur:<\/p>\n
Boyle yasas\u0131: V \uf061 1\/P (n ve T sabit)<\/p>\n
Charles yasas\u0131: V \uf061 T (n ve P sabit)<\/p>\n
Avogadro yasas\u0131: V \uf061 n (P ve T sabit)<\/p>\n
V \uf061a\u00a5 ya da \u00a5 = “sabit” bulunur. Bu orant\u0131 R sabitiyle yaz\u0131l\u0131rsa PV = nRT sonucu elde edilir. Bu e\u015fitli\u011fe, ideal gaz e\u015fitli\u011fi, R sabitine de ideal gaz sabiti denir. Gaz bas\u0131nc\u0131 atmosfer, hacmi litre ve s\u0131cakl\u0131k kelvin birimleriyle al\u0131n\u0131rsa R de\u011feri 0.082 atm L\/mol K olur.<\/p>\n
R = \u00a5 = \u00a5\u00a5\u00a5\u00a5\u00a5\u00a5 = 0.082 \u00a5\u00a5
\n1.17 \u00d6RNEK
\n2 mol ideal gaz\u0131n 4.1 L lik bir kapta 1270C deki bas\u0131nc\u0131 ka\u00e7 atmosferdir?<\/p>\n
\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm
\nVerileri \u00f6zetleyelim:
\nn = 2 mol
\nV = 4.1 L
\nT = 1270C + 273 = 400 K
\nP = ?
\nBunlar\u0131 ideal gaz denkleminde yerine koyal\u0131m:<\/p>\n
P = \u00a5\u00a5\u00a5 = \u00a5\u00a5\u00a5\u00a5\u00a5\u00a5 = 16 atm<\/p>\n
1.18 \u00d6RNEK
\nAzot gaz\u0131 (N2) n\u0131n normal ko\u015fullardaki yo\u011funlu\u011fu ka\u00e7 g\/L dir? (N:14)<\/p>\n
\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm
\nNormal ko\u015fullarda (0 oC ve 1 atm de) ideal her gaz\u0131n molar hacmi 22.4 litredir. Azotg az\u0131 (N2 n\u0131n molar k\u00fctlesi 28 g\/mol oldu\u011funa g\u00f6re:<\/p>\n
NK deki yo\u011funluk = \u00a5\u00a5\u00a5\u00a5\u00a5\u00a5 = 1.25 g\/L bulunur.<\/p>\n
1.19 \u00d6RNEK
\n8 g H2 (g) 5 atm bas\u0131n\u00e7 alt\u0131nda 227 oC de ka\u00e7 L hacim kaplar (H:1)<\/p>\n
Yan\u0131t
\n32.8 L<\/p>\n
1.1 DENEY
\nBir Mol Gaz\u0131n Kaplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Hacim
\nAma\u00e7
\nBir mol CO2 gaz\u0131n\u0131n oda ko\u015fullar\u0131ndaki hacminin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmesi
\nAra\u00e7lar ve Gere\u00e7ler
\n1.E\u015fit kollu terazi 7.Bunzen k\u0131skac\u0131 13. 10 g kalsiyum karbonat
\n2. Tart\u0131 tak\u0131m\u0131 8. Bunzen mesnedi 14. Deri\u015fik HCl
\n3.Lastik hortum 9. Dik a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131 cam boru 15. Beherglas
\n4. Su 10. Termometre 16. Barometre
\n5. \u0130ki delikli lastik t\u0131pa 11. Cam balon 17.Erlenmayer (250 mL)
\n6. Gaz \u00f6l\u00e7me t\u00fcp\u00fc (50 mL) 12. Ba\u011flama par\u00e7as\u0131
\nDeneyin Yap\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131
\n1.Erlenmayere 10 g CaCO3 (veya mermer tozu) koyunuz.
\n2. 10 mL su i\u00e7eren huniye 10 mL deri\u015fik HCl \u00e7\u00f6zeltisi ekleyiniz.
\n3. 1.4 \u015eekildeki d\u00fczenekte g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi \u00e7ift delikli lastik t\u0131pan\u0131n bir deli\u011fine huniye,di\u011ferine dik a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131 cam boruyu tak\u0131n\u0131z. Dik a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131 cam borunun di\u011fer ucuna lastik hortumu ekleyiniz.
\n4. 50 mL\u2019lik gaz \u00f6l\u00e7me t\u00fcp\u00fcn\u00fc su ile doldurunuz.A\u011fz\u0131n\u0131 parma\u011f\u0131n\u0131zla kapat\u0131p su dolu beherglasa dald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131z. Lastik hortumun ucuna k\u0131vr\u0131k cam boruyu takarak,cam borunun ucunu gaz \u00f6l\u00e7me t\u00fcp\u00fcn\u00fcn i\u00e7ine yerle\u015ftiriniz.
\n5. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131 not ediniz.
\n6. Huninin muslu\u011funu a\u00e7arak HCl \u00e7\u00f6zeltisinin yava\u015f yava\u015f akmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flay\u0131n\u0131z.
\n7. HCl \u00e7\u00f6zeltisinin t\u00fcm\u00fc aktar\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra bir dakika kadar bekleyip gaz \u00f6l\u00e7me t\u00fcp\u00fcndeki gaz\u0131n hacmini \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcz.<\/p>\n
Deney Sonu Sorular\u0131
\n1. Su \u00fczerinde toplanan gaz ,yaln\u0131zca karbon dioksit midir?
\n2. Deney s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda suyunu buhar bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131n ka\u00e7 mmHg oldu\u011funu \u00f6\u011fretmeninizden \u00f6\u011freniniz.
\n3. 10 g CaCO3\u2019\u0131n ay\u0131r\u015fmas\u0131 sonucu 0.1 mol CO2 gaz\u0131 olu\u015fabilir.<\/p>\n
1.2 DENEY
\nGazlar\u0131n Birbiri \u0130\u00e7inde Yay\u0131lma H\u0131z\u0131
\nAma\u00e7
\nGazlar\u0131n yay\u0131lma h\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131
\nAra\u00e7lar ve Gere\u00e7ler
\n1.Deri\u015fik HCl \u00e7\u00f6zeltisi 5. Ba\u011flama par\u00e7as\u0131 9. Cetvel
\n2.Deri\u015fik NH3 \u00e7\u00f6zeltisi 6. Saat veya kronometre 10. Pamuk
\n3.Bunzen mesnedi 7. Toplu i\u011fne 11. Deliksiz lastik t\u0131pa
\n4.Bunzen k\u0131skac\u0131 8. U\u00e7lar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k cam boru 12. Saat cam\u0131
\nDeneyin Yap\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131
\n1. 80 cm uzunlu\u011fundaki cam boruyu 1. 4 Resimdeki gibi yatay olarak bunzen k\u0131skac\u0131na ba\u011flay\u0131n\u0131z.
\n2. Deliksiz lastik t\u0131palara pamuk bulunan toplu i\u011fneleri tutturunuz.
\n3. Lastik t\u0131palardaki pamuklardan birini saat cam\u0131 \u00fczerindeki amonyak \u00e7\u00f6zeltisine (4-5 damla) di\u011ferini yine saat cam\u0131 \u00fczerindeki hidroklorik asit \u00e7\u00f6zeltisine (4-5 damla) de\u011fdirip bunlar\u0131 cam borunun iki ucuna tak\u0131n\u0131z. \u0130ki uca takman\u0131n ayn\u0131 anda olmas\u0131na \u00f6zen g\u00f6steriniz ve takma an\u0131n\u0131 not ediniz.<\/p>\n
4. Cam borunun i\u00e7inde beyaz renkli duman\u0131n olu\u015ftu\u011fu an\u0131 ve noktay\u0131 not ediniz.
\n5. Beyaz duman\u0131n olu\u015ftu\u011fu noktan\u0131n iki uca olan uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zenle \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcz.<\/p>\n
Deney Sonu Sorular\u0131
\n1. Molek\u00fcllerin belirli bir zamanda ald\u0131klar\u0131 yol bilindi\u011fine g\u00f6re amonyak ve hidrojen kolor\u00fcr molek\u00fcllerinin h\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131 ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 hesaplay\u0131n\u0131z.
\n2. Amonyak molek\u00fcllerinin ortalama h\u0131z\u0131 neden hidrojen klor\u00fcr\u00fcnk\u00fcnden b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr?
\n3. Graham yay\u0131lma yasas\u0131ndan hesaplad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z sonu\u00e7la deney sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n\u0131z.Sapmalara yol a\u00e7an etkenler neler olabilir?
\n4. Gaz molek\u00fcllerinin h\u0131zlar\u0131 hangi etkenlerle de\u011fi\u015fir?<\/p>\n
1.B\u00d6L\u00dcM GAZLAR: Konu Denetleme Sorular\u0131
\n1.1 Gazlar, s\u0131v\u0131lar ve kat\u0131lara g\u00f6re neden daha \u00e7ok s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir? A\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n
1.2 Ven\u00fcs’\u00fcn k\u00fctlesi D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n k\u00fctlesinin 0.82 kat\u0131d\u0131r; Ven\u00fcs’teki atmosfer bas\u0131nc\u0131 D\u00fcnya’daki bas\u0131nc\u0131n 90 kat\u0131d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca Ven\u00fcs atmosferinin y\u00fczey s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 700 K ve %96 s\u0131 CO2 dir. Buna g\u00f6re Ven\u00fcs y\u00fczeyindeki bas\u0131nc\u0131n daha b\u00fcy\u00fck olmas\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l a\u00e7\u0131klars\u0131n\u0131z?<\/p>\n
1.3 A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00e7evirmeleri yap\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n
(a) 380 mmHg yi atmosfere
\n(b) Z atmosferi mmHg ye<\/p>\n
1.4 1.5 \u015fekildeki c\u0131val\u0131 barometrede c\u0131va yerine yo\u011funlu\u011fu 6.8 g\/cm3 olan bir s\u0131v\u0131 kullan\u0131lsa 1 atm (76 cmHg) hava bas\u0131nc\u0131na g\u00f6re s\u0131v\u0131, kolonda ka\u00e7 cm y\u00fckselirdi?<\/p>\n
1.5 Bir kaptaki gaz bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \u00fc\u00e7 yol \u00f6neriniz. Bu \u00f6nermelerinizde sabit tutulan ko\u015fullar\u0131 belirtiniz.<\/p>\n
1.6 Gazlar, hangi ko\u015fullarda “ideal” davran\u0131r?<\/p>\n
1.7 A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki yasalarda hangi de\u011fi\u015fkenler sabit tutulur?
\n(a) Boyle yasas\u0131
\n(b) Charles yasas\u0131
\n(c) Avogadro yasas\u0131
\n(d) Dalton’un k\u0131smi bas\u0131n\u00e7lar yasas\u0131<\/p>\n
1.8 \u015eekildeki, (a) ve (b), a\u00e7\u0131k u\u00e7lu manometrelerin herbirinde gaz bas\u0131nc\u0131 ka\u00e7 mmHg dir? (A\u00e7\u0131k hava bas\u0131nc\u0131 750 mm Hg).<\/p>\n
1.9 A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki a\u00e7\u0131klamalardan hangisi yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r?
\n(a) Hacmi ve s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sabit tutulan bir gaz kab\u0131nda gaz\u0131n miktar\u0131yla bas\u0131nc\u0131 do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fir.
\n(b) Sabit hacimli bir gaz kab\u0131na ayn\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131kta gaz eklenirse molek\u00fcl ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen ortalama kinetik enerji artar.
\n(c) Hacmi ve gaz miktar\u0131 sabit tutulan bir kapta bas\u0131n\u00e7 mutlak s\u0131cakl\u0131kla do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fir.
\n(d) Miktar\u0131 ve s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sabit tutulan bir gaz\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fen hacim ve de\u011fi\u015fen bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7arp\u0131m\u0131 sabit kal\u0131r.<\/p>\n
1.10 67.2 L lik kapta 00C ve 1 atmosfer bas\u0131n\u00e7ta ka\u00e7 mol gaz vard\u0131r?<\/p>\n
1.11 2 g H2 (g) ve 64 g O2 (g) 127 oC de 4L lik kapta bulunuyor. Toplam bas\u0131nc\u0131 ve H2 (g) nin k\u0131smi bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131 hesaplay\u0131n\u0131z. (H:1, O:16)<\/p>\n
1.12 E\u015fit k\u00fctlelerdeki H2 (g) ve CH4 (g) kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n toplam bas\u0131nc\u0131 450 mm Hg oldu\u011funa g\u00f6re, CH4 \u00fcn k\u0131smi bas\u0131nc\u0131 ka\u00e7 mm Hg dir? (H:1; C: 12)<\/p>\n
1.13 <\/p>\n
Ayn\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131kta musluklar a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda gaz kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n toplam bas\u0131nc\u0131 ka\u00e7 mmHg olur? (K\u0131lcal borular\u0131n hacimlerini \u00f6nemsemiyoruz.)<\/p>\n
1.14 0 oC ve 1 atm de a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gazlar\u0131n yo\u011funluklar\u0131n\u0131 g\/L olarak hesaplay\u0131n\u0131z.
\n(H: 1; Ne: 20; O: 16; N: 14)
\n(a) H2 (b) Ne
\n(c) O2 (d) N2H4<\/p>\n
1.15 Ayn\u0131 ko\u015fullarda a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki molek\u00fcllerin ba\u011f\u0131l h\u0131z oranlar\u0131n\u0131 hesaplay\u0131n\u0131z. (H: 1; O:16; S:32)
\n(a) H2 molek\u00fclleri O2 molek\u00fcllerine g\u00f6re
\n(b) He atomlar\u0131 SO2 molek\u00fcllerine g\u00f6re<\/p>\n
1.16 250C de baz\u0131 molek\u00fcllerin h\u0131zlar\u0131 m\/s olarak \u015f\u00f6yledir?
\nGaz H\u0131z (m\/s)
\nHe 1360
\nO2 482
\nXe 238
\nHangi s\u0131cakl\u0131kta bu h\u0131zlar 2 kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar?<\/p>\n
1.17 Miktar\u0131 ve bulundu\u011fu kab\u0131n hacmi sabit tutulan bir ideal gaz\u0131n mutlak s\u0131cal\u0131\u011f\u0131 iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda:
\nI. Bas\u0131nc\u0131
\nII. Molek\u00fcllerin ortalama kinetik enerjisi
\nIII. Molek\u00fcllerin ortalama h\u0131z\u0131
\nniceliklerinden hangileri iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar?
\n1.18 Bir gaz kab\u0131nda ayn\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131kta e\u015fit mol say\u0131s\u0131nda Ne ve N2 gazlar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 bulunuyor. Bu kapta a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilerden hangileri ayn\u0131d\u0131r? (N: 14; Ne: 20)
\n(a) Ne ve N2 taneciklerinin k\u0131smi bas\u0131n\u00e7lar\u0131
\n(b) Ne ve N2 taneciklerinin ortalama h\u0131zlar\u0131
\n(c) Ne ve N2 taneciklerinin ortalama kinetik enerjileri
\n(d) Ne ve N2 taneciklerinin birim y\u00fczeye birim zamandaki \u00e7arpma say\u0131lar\u0131<\/p>\n
1.19 Hacmi sabit tutulan bir kapta 10 g H2(g) bulunuyor.
\nI. Kaba 10 g H2(g) daha eklemek
\nII. Kaba 10 g CH4 (g) daha eklemek
\nIII. Gaz\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Kelvin cinsinden iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131karmak
\ni\u015fleminden hangileri birim zamanda birim y\u00fczeye \u00e7arpma say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r? (H: 1; C: 12)<\/p>\n
1.20 \u00c7elik bir gaz kab\u0131nda toplam bas\u0131n\u00e7 10 atm dir. Bu kapta e\u015fit molek\u00fcl say\u0131s\u0131nda CH4 (g) ve SO2 (g) bulunuyor. Kaptaki bir musluk \u00e7ok k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131p kapat\u0131l\u0131yor.
\nKalan kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mda CH4 (g) nin k\u0131smi bas\u0131nc\u0131 1 atm oldu\u011funa g\u00f6re SO2 (g) nin bas\u0131nc\u0131 ka\u00e7 atm dir? (CH4: 16; SO2: 64)<\/p>\n
1.21 \u015eekilde bir gaz\u0131n hacmi ile bir de\u011fi\u015fkeni aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki verilmi\u015ftir. Bu de\u011fi\u015fken a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilerden hangileri olabilir?
\n(a) P (n ve T sabit)
\n(b) 1\/P (n ve T sabit)
\n(c) t oC (P ve n sabit)
\n(d) TK (p ve n sabit)
\n(e) n (P ve T sabit)<\/p>\n
1.22Ayn\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131kta ve hacimde X, Y ve Z nin bas\u0131n\u00e7lar\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fckten k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fc\u011fe nas\u0131l s\u0131ralan\u0131r?<\/p>\n
1.23 Ayn\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131kta a\u00e7\u0131k u\u00e7tan c\u0131va eklenerek (a) dan (b) ye ge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir. (b) de h ka\u00e7 mm Hg dir?<\/p>\n
1.24 Ayn\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131kta piston yukar\u0131 \u00e7ekilerek 1. \u015fekil, 2. \u015fekile d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor. Bu s\u0131rada (a) s\u0131v\u0131 su miktar\u0131, (b) buhar faz\u0131nda N2(g) nin k\u0131smi bas\u0131nc\u0131, (c) buhar faz\u0131nda suyun buhar bas\u0131nc\u0131 nas\u0131l de\u011fi\u015fir? <\/p>\n
1.25 Yaln\u0131zca karbon ve hidrojen elementlerinden olu\u015fan bir bile\u015fi\u011fin (hidrokarbonun) 20 L sini yakmak i\u00e7in 100 L oksijen gaz\u0131 gerekiyor. Bu s\u0131rada 60 L karbon dioksit gaz\u0131 olu\u015fuyor. Hidrokarbonun form\u00fcl\u00fc nas\u0131ld\u0131r?<\/p>\n
1.26 \u0130ki ayr\u0131 kapta bulunan iki farkl\u0131 gazda molek\u00fcl say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n e\u015fit olabilmesi i\u00e7in, kap hacmi, k\u00fctle, s\u0131cakl\u0131k, bas\u0131n\u00e7 niceliklerinden hangileri e\u015fit olmal\u0131d\u0131r?<\/p>\n
1.27 \u015eekillerdeki kaplar ayn\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve bas\u0131n\u00e7ta oldu\u011funa g\u00f6re ikinci kapta ka\u00e7 g SO3 (g) vard\u0131r? (S: 32; N: 14; O: 16)<\/p>\n
1.28 6 g C2H6 (g) alan sabit hacimli bir gaz kab\u0131, ayn\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve bas\u0131n\u00e7ta 8.8 g X2O (g) alabiliyor. X in atom k\u00fctlesi ka\u00e7t\u0131r? (C: 12; H: 1; O: 16)<\/p>\n
1.29 50 g CH4 (g) nin 50 L geldi\u011fi s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve bas\u0131n\u00e7ta 50 g SO2 (g) ka\u00e7 L gelir? (C: 12; H: 1; S: 32; O: 16)
\n1.30 C3H8 (g) ve CO2 (g) gazlar\u0131 i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilerden hangisi ayn\u0131d\u0131r? (C: 12; H: 1; O: 16)
\n(a) Molek\u00fcl k\u00fctleleri
\n(b) Erime ve kaynama noktalar\u0131
\n(c) Ayn\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131kta molek\u00fcllerin ortalama h\u0131zlar\u0131
\n(d) Ayn\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131kta molek\u00fcllerin ortalama kinetik enerjileri<\/p>\n
1.31 \u015eekildeki borunun bir ucundan X (g) di\u011fer ucundan Y (g) ayn\u0131 anda g\u00f6nderiliyor. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tabloyu tamamlay\u0131n\u0131z. (H: 1; He: 4; C: 12; O: 16; S: 32; Br: 80)<\/p>\n
X(g) Y(g) Bulu\u015fma \u00e7izgisi
\nH2 O2 \u2026\u2026\u2026..
\nCH4 SO2 \u2026\u2026\u2026..
\nH2 C15H12 \u2026\u2026\u2026..
\nHe HBr \u2026\u2026\u2026..<\/p>\n
1.32 Ayn\u0131 ko\u015fullarda 1 L CH4 (g) k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir delikten 10 saniyede yay\u0131l\u0131rken, 1 L X (g) ayn\u0131 delikten 40 saniyede yay\u0131l\u0131yor. X in molek\u00fcl k\u00fctlesi ka\u00e7t\u0131r? (C: 12; H: 1)<\/p>\n
1.33 Bir kapta e\u015fit molek\u00fcl say\u0131s\u0131nda He (g), CH4 (g) ve SO2 (g) bulunuyor. Kab\u0131n toplam bas\u0131nc\u0131 15 atm dir. Kaptaki bir musluk k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131p kapat\u0131l\u0131yor. Kapta kalan He (g) n\u0131n bas\u0131nc\u0131 1 atm oldu\u011funa g\u00f6re, kalan C H4 (g) ve SO2 (g) nin k\u0131smi bas\u0131nc\u0131 ka\u00e7ar atm dir?<\/p>\n
1.34 Normal ko\u015fullar (NK) daki yo\u011funlu\u011fu 1.2 g\/L olan X gaz\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131lma h\u0131z\u0131, ayn\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131ktaki Y gaz\u0131n\u0131n 2 kat\u0131d\u0131r. Y gaz\u0131n\u0131n molek\u00fcl k\u00fctlesi ka\u00e7t\u0131r?<\/p>\n
1.35 10 g hidrojen gaz\u0131,
\n(a) 0 oC ve 760 mmHg\u2019de ka\u00e7 L hacim kaplar?
\n(b) 27 oC ve 3 L hacimli kapta ka\u00e7 atm bas\u0131n\u00e7 yapar?
\n(c) 5L hacimli kapta 8.2 atm bas\u0131n\u00e7ta iken s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ka\u00e7 oC\u2019t\u0131r? (H:1)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Giri\u015f Bundan \u00f6nceki b\u00f6l\u00fcmde, maddelerin genel olarak iyonik ya da molek\u00fcler yap\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fck. \u0130yonik bile\u015fiklerin t\u00fcm\u00fc, oda ko\u015fullar\u0131nda kat\u0131 haldedir. Molek\u00fcler maddelerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 oda c\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ve 1 atmosfer bas\u0131n\u00e7ta gaz halindedir. Elementlerden H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2 ve soygazlar – He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn \u2013 gazd\u0131r(6.1 \u015eekil). Gaz halindeki \u00f6nemli bile\u015fikler …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[2158,2153,2155,2154,2156,2161,2159,2157,2160],"class_list":["post-739","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-basinc","tag-gazlar","tag-hidrojen-klorur","tag-hidrojen-siyanur","tag-hidrojen-sulfu","tag-kinetik-enerji","tag-mol-sayisi","tag-molar","tag-newton"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/739","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=739"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/739\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=739"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=739"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=739"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}