Radyoaktiflik:
\nKendili\u011finden \u0131\u015f\u0131ma yapabilen maddeler radyoaktif maddelerdir .Radyoaktiflik \u00e7ekirdek yap\u0131s\u0131yla ili\u015fkilidir. Radyoaktif bir atom hangi bile\u015fi\u011fin yap\u0131s\u0131na girerse , o bile\u015fi\u011fi radyoaktif yapar.<\/p>\n
Radyoaktif maddeler kuvvetli birer enerji kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r . Radyoaktif elementler bu enerjiyi kendiliklerinden yay\u0131nlarlar ve bu olay\u0131 hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde durdurmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
Atomun \u00e7ekirde\u011finde bulunan temel tanecikler proton ve n\u00f6tron olup bunlara n\u00fckleon ad\u0131 verilir. <\/p>\n
N\u00fckleon = proton & n\u00f6tron<\/p>\n
Radyoaktiflik \u00f6zelli\u011fi ; elementlerin kat\u0131 , s\u0131v\u0131 gaz ya da bile\u015fik halinde olmas\u0131 etkilemez . <\/p>\n
Atomun k\u00fctlesi \u00e7ekirdek deki proton ve n\u00f6tronlar\u0131n k\u00fctleleri toplam\u0131na e\u015fit olmas\u0131 gerekirken daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fcr , bu arada ki k\u00fctle fark\u0131 ;<\/p>\n
E=m . c2 \u015feklinde enerjiye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr .
\nBu enerjiye ba\u011flanma enerjisi denir. Bir atomda n\u00fckleon ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen ba\u011flanma enerjisi ne kadar b\u00fcy\u00fckse , atom o kadar kararl\u0131 yap\u0131da olur. <\/p>\n
Bu enerji \u00e7ekirdekteki n\u00fckleonlar\u0131 bir arada tutan enerjidir. <\/p>\n
Atom \u00e7ekirde\u011finde kararl\u0131l\u0131k ya da karars\u0131zl\u0131k , proton- n\u00f6tron say\u0131lar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki \u015f\u00f6yle genellenebilir:<\/p>\n
1- Atom numaras\u0131 1-20 aras\u0131ndaki atomlar\u0131n \u00e7ekirdeklerinde proton say\u0131s\u0131 = n\u00f6tron say\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r.
\n2- Atom numaras\u0131 20-83 aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7ekirdeklerde n\u00f6tron say\u0131s\u0131 proton say\u0131s\u0131ndan fazlad\u0131r.
\n3- Atom numaras\u0131 83\u2019 ten b\u00fcy\u00fck olan elementlerin \u00e7ekirdekleri karars\u0131z olup radyoaktiftir.
\n4- Atom numaras\u0131 ve n\u00f6tron say\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ift olan atomlar\u0131n , atom numaras\u0131 ve n\u00f6tron say\u0131s\u0131 tek olan atomlara g\u00f6re , daha \u00e7ok say\u0131da kararl\u0131 izotopu vard\u0131r.
\n5- En kararl\u0131 \u00e7ekirdekler , hem n\u00f6tron hem de proton say\u0131lar\u0131 \u00e7ift olanlard\u0131r. 0-8-20-28-50-82 proton veya n\u00f6tron say\u0131s\u0131na sahip \u00e7ekirdekler \u00f6zellikle kararl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu say\u0131lara sihirli say\u0131lar denir.<\/p>\n
Radyoaktif Bozunmalar:<\/p>\n
Atoma d\u0131\u015ftan herhangi bir etki olmadan , kendili\u011finden bozunarak daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck par\u00e7alara ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 ve bu ayr\u0131lma s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u0131\u015f\u0131ma yapmas\u0131na radyoaktiflik , bu t\u00fcr \u0131\u015f\u0131ma yapan elementlere de radyoaktif atom denir. <\/p>\n
Radyoaktif , \u015eubat 1896\u2019da Henri Becquerel ( Henri Bekerel ) taraf\u0131ndan , potasyum uranil s\u00fclfat\u0131n yayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n baz\u0131 maddelerden ge\u00e7ip foto\u011fraf pla\u011f\u0131n\u0131 karartmas\u0131yla ke\u015ffedildi.<\/p>\n
Radyoaktif elementlerin bile\u015fiklerinde de radyoaktif \u00f6zelli\u011fi aynen g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu y\u00fczden radyoaktif kimyasal veya fiziksel etkilere ve de\u011fi\u015fmelere ba\u011fl\u0131 bir \u00f6zellik de\u011fildir. Sadece \u00e7ekirdek yap\u0131s\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 ve \u00e7ekirdekte olan bir de\u011fi\u015fmedir.<\/p>\n
Radyoaktif elementler , radyoaktif \u0131\u015f\u0131malar ile kendili\u011finden ba\u015fka kararl\u0131 elementlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Atom \u00e7ekirdeklerinin kararl\u0131\u011f\u0131 n\u00f6tron ve proton say\u0131s\u0131yla ilgilidir. Do\u011fada bulunan atomlar\u0131n n\u00f6tron say\u0131lar\u0131 , proton say\u0131lar\u0131na g\u00f6re grafi\u011fe ge\u00e7irildi\u011finde a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki grafik elde edilir.<\/p>\n
Grafik kararl\u0131l\u0131k ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki \u00e7ekirdekler karars\u0131zd\u0131r. Bu elementler radyoaktiftir. Genel olarak n\/p < 1,5 olan \u00e7ekirdekler kararl\u0131 ya da az kararl\u0131 , n\/p > 1,5 olan \u00e7ekirdekler karars\u0131zd\u0131r.
\nKarars\u0131z \u00e7ekirdek yap\u0131s\u0131na sahip olan elementler ,kararl\u0131 bir \u00e7ekirdek yap\u0131s\u0131na ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in alfa( ) , beta
\n( ) ,pozitron ( ) bozunmas\u0131 ve elektron yakalamas\u0131 \u015feklinde bozunmaya u\u011frayarak \u0131\u015f\u0131ma yapar. Bu
\nelementlere \u0131\u015f\u0131ma yapan anlam\u0131nda radyoaktif element denir.<\/p>\n
Atom \u00e7ekirdeklerinde n\u00fckleon ( temel tanecik) ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen ba\u011flanma enerjisi o \u00e7ekirde\u011fin kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr. Atom \u00e7ekirdeklerinde tanecik say\u0131s\u0131 artt\u0131k\u00e7a ba\u011flanma enerjisi azal\u0131r. \u00c7ekirdek karars\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 artt\u0131k\u00e7a radyoaktif olma \u00f6zelli\u011fi artar.<\/p>\n
Atomlardaki \u00e7ekirdek olaylar\u0131 kimyasal olaylardan farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Radyoaktivite ve \u00e7ekirdek olaylar\u0131 ile ilgili a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki sonu\u00e7lar \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilir:<\/p>\n
– Radyoaktiflik , d\u0131\u015f etkenlere ba\u011fl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Bir atomun radyoaktifli\u011fi s\u0131cakl\u0131k , bas\u0131n\u00e7 , \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnme , kimyasal tepkimeye girme gibi olaylarla de\u011fi\u015fmez.
\n– Bir atom radyoaktif ise , o atomun olu\u015fturdu\u011fu bile\u015fikler de radyoaktiftir. Kimyasal olaylar radyoaktifli\u011fi de\u011fi\u015ftirmez.
\n– Radyoaktif olaylarda a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan ya da gereken enerji kimyasal olaylara g\u00f6re \u00e7ok fazlad\u0131r.
\n– Radyoaktif atomlar kararl\u0131 \u00e7ekirde\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilmek i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli \u0131\u015f\u0131malar ( Radyoaktif bozunma) yaparlar.
\nBozunma \u00c7e\u015fitleri :
\n1-Alfa ( ) Bozunmas\u0131
\nAtom numaras\u0131 83\u2019 ten b\u00fcy\u00fck olan elementler , kararl\u0131 bir \u00e7ekirdek yap\u0131s\u0131na ula\u015fmak \u00fczere , atom ve k\u00fctle numaralar\u0131n\u0131 azaltarak n\/p oran\u0131n\u0131 bire yakla\u015ft\u0131rmak isterler. Bunun i\u00e7in alfa bozunmas\u0131na u\u011frayarak
\nHe \u00e7ekirde\u011finden ibaret alfa tanecikleri yay\u0131nlamalar\u0131 gerekir. Bu olaya alfa bozunmas\u0131 denir. K\u0131saca , atomun yap\u0131s\u0131ndan baz\u0131 par\u00e7alar\u0131n at\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bir alfa \u0131\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 yapan elementin atom numaras\u0131 2 , k\u00fctle numaras\u0131 4 azal\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00d6rnek1.1 : X izotopu 3 alfa \u0131\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 yaparsa , olu\u015fan elementin atom ve k\u00fctle numaras\u0131 ne olur ?
\n\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm:
\n3 alfa \u0131\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 ; Atom numaras\u0131n\u0131 2.3= 6 , k\u00fctle numaras\u0131n\u0131 4.3=12 azalt\u0131r. Olu\u015fan yeni elementin atom numaras\u0131 84 , k\u00fctle numaras\u0131 220 \u2018dir.<\/p>\n
Not: \u00c7ekirdek tepkimelerinde tepkimenin her 2 taraf\u0131nda ki toplam atom numaras\u0131 ve toplam k\u00fctle numaras\u0131 birbirine e\u015fittir.
\nAlfa \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zelikleri:
\n1- Foto\u011fraf filmlerine etki ederler.
\n2- + y\u00fckl\u00fc olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in elektrik ve manyetik alanda – kutup \u2018 a do\u011fru saparlar.
\n3- Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 molek\u00fcllerden elektron kopararak , iyonla\u015fmaya neden olurlar.
\n4- Giricilikleri \u00e7ok azd\u0131r.
\n2- Beta ( ) Bozunmas\u0131 :
\nBeta bozunmas\u0131 n\/p oran\u0131 kararl\u0131l\u0131k ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131ndan daha b\u00fcy\u00fck izotoplar\u0131n u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bozunmad\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcr atomlar kararl\u0131 yap\u0131ya ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in n\u00f6tron say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 azaltmak isterler. Beta bozunmas\u0131na u\u011frayan bir elementin \u00e7ekirde\u011finde ki bir tane n\u00f6tron , bir proton ve bir elektrona d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. <\/p>\n
Beta bozunmas\u0131na u\u011frayan atomun atom numaras\u0131 1 artarken , k\u00fctle numaras\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmez ve u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 atomun izobar\u0131 olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n
\u00d6rnek1.2 : X izotopu art arda 4 alfa , 2 beta \u0131\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 yaparsa , olu\u015fan elementin atom ve k\u00fctle no\u2019su ne olur?
\n\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm : 4 alfa \u0131\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 : A.N : 2.4 = 8 azal\u0131r. K.N : 4.4 =16 azal\u0131r. <\/p>\n
2 beta \u0131\u015f\u0131mas\u0131: A.N : 1.2 = artarken , K\u00fctle numaras\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmez.
\nBeta I\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00d6zellikleri :
\n1- \u0130yonla\u015ft\u0131rma \u00f6zellikleri azd\u0131r.
\n2- I\u015f\u0131k h\u0131z\u0131na yak\u0131n bir h\u0131zla hareket ederler.
\n3- Alfa \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131ndan daha \u00e7ok , gama \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131ndan daha az giricidirler.
\n4- Foto\u011fraf filmine etki ederler.
\n5- Elektrik ev manyetik alanda negatif y\u00fckl\u00fc olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in pozitif kutupa do\u011fru saparlar. Sapmalar\u0131 alfa \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131ndan daha fazlad\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bunlar\u0131n k\u00fctleleri daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fcr.
\n3-Gama ( ) I\u015f\u0131mas\u0131:
\nHi\u00e7bir zaman tek ba\u015f\u0131na meydana gelmez. Mutlaka bir bozunmadan sonra meydana gelen \u0131\u015f\u0131mad\u0131r. Baz\u0131 atomlar bozunmalar s\u0131ras\u0131nda enerjisini d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya veremez , y\u00fcksek enerjili durumda kal\u0131rlar. Enerjiden kurtulmak i\u00e7in gama \u0131\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 yap\u0131p kararl\u0131 duruma ge\u00e7er. Gama \u0131\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda atomun atom ve k\u00fctle numaras\u0131nda bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik olmaz , yeni bir atom meydana gelmez.
\nGama I\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00d6zellikleri :
\n1- Alfa ve beta \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131ndan daha fazla giricidir.
\n2- Y\u00fcks\u00fcz olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in elektrik ve manyetik alanda sapmaya u\u011framazlar.
\n3- K\u00fctlesizdirler , foto\u011fraf filmine etki ederler.
\n4-Pozitron ( ) I\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 :
\nN\u00f6tron say\u0131s\u0131 proton say\u0131s\u0131ndan az olan radyoaktif atomlar , proton say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 azaltmak i\u00e7in \u00e7ekirdeklerindeki bir protonu n\u00f6trona \u00e7evirirler. Proton n\u00f6tron + pozitron <\/p>\n
P n + e
\nPozitron \u0131\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 yapan bir atomun k\u00fctle numaras\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmez , atom numaras\u0131 1 azal\u0131r. Pozitron taneci\u011fi , beta taneci\u011finin y\u00fck bak\u0131m\u0131ndan tersidir.<\/p>\n
5-N\u00f6tron ( n ) F\u0131rlat\u0131lmas\u0131 :
\nKarars\u0131z bir \u00e7ekirdekten d\u0131\u015far\u0131 n\u00f6tron at\u0131lmas\u0131 ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir . N\u00f6tron f\u0131rlatan bir atomun k\u00fctle numaras\u0131 1 azal\u0131r. Atom numaras\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmez .Atom kendi izotopuna d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. \u00c7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir, izlenmesi zor bir olayd\u0131r. Yapay \u00e7ekirdek tepkimelerinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.<\/p>\n
6- Elektron Yakalamas\u0131 :
\nProtonu n\u00f6tronundan \u00e7ok olan karars\u0131z \u00e7ekirdekler [ n\/p < 1] \u00e7ekirde\u011fe en yak\u0131n olan 1s orbitalinden 1 elektron yakalayarak protonu n\u00f6trona \u00e7evirirler. Pozitron yay\u0131nlama ile ayn\u0131 sonucu verir. 1s orbitalinde bo\u015falan elektronun yerini , y\u00fcksek enerjili orbitallerdeki elektronlar birer d\u00fc\u015ferek X \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 olu\u015fturarak \ndoldururlar . \n\nAtom numaras\u0131 1 azal\u0131rken , k\u00fctle numaras\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmez. Bu olayda elementin izobar\u0131 olu\u015fur.\n\n\u00d6rnek 1.3 : Radyoaktif \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar ve etkileri ile ilgili a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki ifadelerden hangisi yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ? ( 1992-\u00d6YS)\nA) Pozitron yayan bir atomun atom numaras\u0131 azal\u0131r.\nB) Alfa yayan bir atomun k\u00fctle numaras\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmez.\nC) Alfa \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 +2 de\u011ferlikli taneciklerdir.\nD) Beta \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 -1 y\u00fckl\u00fc elektronlard\u0131r.\nE) Gama \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 y\u00fcks\u00fcz ve k\u00fctlesizdir.\nF) \n\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm : Alfa \u0131\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren atomun ; atom numaras\u0131 2 , k\u00fctle numaras\u0131 4 azal\u0131r. (YANIT B )\n\nFajans Kanunu : \nAlfa bozunmas\u0131na u\u011frayan bir element , bozunma s\u0131ras\u0131nda olu\u015fan yeni elemente g\u00f6re 2 grup \u00f6nde(sa\u011f)\nyer al\u0131r. Yine beta bozunmas\u0131na u\u011frayan bir element olu\u015fan yeni elemente g\u00f6re periyodik tabloda 1 grup geride yer al\u0131r. Buna fajans kanunu ad\u0131 verilir.\n\n\u00d6rnek 1.4 : 4. Periyot 4A grubunda bulunan Y elementi alfa ve 2beta \u0131\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 yap\u0131yor. Olu\u015fan elementin periydik tablodaki grubunu bulunuz.\n\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm : \nAlfa \u0131\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 yapt\u0131 ; 2 geri geldi Sonu\u00e7ta yine ayn\u0131 yerine gelir.\n2 Beta \u0131\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 yapt\u0131 ; 2 ileri gitti Cevap :4A\nDo\u011fal Radyoaktivite :\nKararl\u0131 hale gelmek i\u00e7in atomlar\u0131n kendili\u011finden \u0131\u015f\u0131ma yapmas\u0131na do\u011fal radyoaktif element denir. Atom numaras\u0131 83-92 aras\u0131nda ki elementler do\u011fal radyoaktif elementlerdir. Bunun yan\u0131nda atom numaras\u0131 83 \u2018den k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olup do\u011fal radyoaktiflik g\u00f6steren elementlerimiz de vard\u0131r. ( K , C , Rb )\n\nBir radyoaktiflik izotop bozunma sonucu ba\u015fka bir radyoaktif izotopa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Buda bir ba\u015fkas\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Bu i\u015flem kararl\u0131 bir \u00e7ekirdek oluncaya kadar devam eder , b\u00f6ylece radyoaktif bozunma serileri ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Bu seriler Uranyum ( U) , Toryum ( Th ) , Aktinyum ( Ac) serisi olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 t\u00fcrl\u00fcd\u00fcr.\nYapay Radyoaktiflik :\nKararl\u0131 ya da karars\u0131z elementlerin alfa , n\u00f6tron , proton gibi tanecikler ile bombard\u0131man\u0131nda olu\u015fan yeni elementler de radyoaktiftir. Bombard\u0131man yolu ile elde edilen radyoaktif elementlerin bu \u00f6zelli\u011fine yapay radyoaktiflik denir. \n\n1934 y\u0131l\u0131nda Madam Curie \u2018nin k\u0131z\u0131 I .Curie ve damad\u0131 F. Joliot\u2019un \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ile h\u0131zlanan yapay radyoaktiflik yolu ile bir\u00e7ok yeni element bulunurken teknoloji ve t\u0131bb\u0131n gereksinimi olan radyoaktif atomlar yap\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 400\u2019den fazla radyoaktif izotop yapay olarak elde edilmi\u015ftir.\n\n\nN\u00dcKLEER \u00c7EK\u0130RDEK TEPK\u0130MELER\u0130 VE ATOM ENERJ\u0130S\u0130 \n\nBa\u011flanma enerjisi grafi\u011fi incelendi\u011finde n\u00fckleon ( tanecik) ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen ba\u011flanma enerjisinin en \u00e7ok Fe elementlerinde oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr . K\u00fctle numaras\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olan atomlar\u0131n kayna\u015farak ( F\u00fczyon ) daha b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00fctle numaras\u0131ndaki atomlara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesinde ya da k\u00fctle numaras\u0131 56\u2019dan b\u00fcy\u00fck olan atomlar\u0131n par\u00e7alanarak ( Fisyon ) k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck atomlara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesinde a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek enerji \u00e7\u0131kar. Bu enerjiye N\u00fckleer enerji veya ATOM ENERJ\u0130S\u0130 denir.\n\n1. F\u0130SYON ( B\u00f6l\u00fcnme ) TEPK\u0130MELER\u0130 :\nK\u00fctle numaras\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck olan atomlar\u0131n h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck tanecikler ( n\u00f6tron ) ile bombard\u0131man\u0131 sonucu daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck atomlara b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi tepkimeleridir. Atom bombas\u0131 bu esasa g\u00f6re yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\n\n2. F\u00dcZYON (Kayna\u015fma ) TEPK\u0130MELER\u0130 : \nK\u00fctle numaras\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olan atomlar\u0131n h\u0131zl\u0131 tanecikler ile bombard\u0131man\u0131 sonucu daha b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7ekirdeklerin\nolu\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r. A\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan enerji Fisyon enerjisinden daha b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. Hidrojen bombas\u0131 bu esasa g\u00f6re yap\u0131l\u0131r.\n\n\u00d6rnek 1.5 : I. Radyum + Oksijen Radyum Oksit \nII. Radyum Radan + Helyum \nIII. Radyum + Hidrojen klor\u00fcr Radyum klor\u00fcr + Hidrojen \n\nTepkimeleriyle ilgili a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilerden hangisi yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ? (1996-\u00d6SS ) \n\nA) I ve III kimyasal tepkimedir.\nB) II \u00e7ekirdek tepkimesidir.\nC) I de k\u00fctle de\u011fi\u015fimi \u00f6nemsizdir.\nD) II de k\u00fctle de\u011fi\u015fimi \u00f6nemsizdir.\nE) III de k\u00fctle de\u011fi\u015fimi \u00f6nemsizdir.\n\n\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm: II. Tepkime bir \u00e7ekirdek tepkimesi olup k\u00fctle de\u011fi\u015fimi \u00f6nemsizdir diyemeyiz.\nRADYOAKT\u0130F BOZUNMA HIZI , YARILANMA S\u00dcRES\u0130\nRadyoaktif bir elementin herhangi bir anda mevcut olan miktar\u0131n\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bozunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in ge\u00e7en s\u00fcreye yar\u0131lanma s\u00fcresi denir . Yar\u0131lanma s\u00fcresi d\u0131\u015f etkenlere ba\u011fl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Bozulan \u00e7ekirde\u011fin yap\u0131s\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.\n\n- Bir elementin izotoplar\u0131n\u0131n yar\u0131lanma s\u00fcreleri farkl\u0131d\u0131r.\n\nRadyoaktif maddelerin bozunma h\u0131z\u0131 \u00e7ekirde\u011fin karars\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Birim zamanda bozunma h\u0131z\u0131 \u00e7ok olan \u00e7ekirdekler karars\u0131zd\u0131r. \n\n- Radyoaktif bozunma h\u0131z\u0131 , maddelerdeki radyoaktif atomlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 ile do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r.\n- Bir izotopun saniyede par\u00e7alanma say\u0131s\u0131 onun radyoaktiflik \u015fiddetini verir . 1gram radyumun saniyede yayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 par\u00e7ac\u0131k say\u0131s\u0131 radyoaktiflik \u015fiddet birimi olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir.\n\nRadyoaktiflik \u015fiddet birimi 1 K\u00fcri ( Curie ) ; saniyede 3,7.10 ( 37 milyar ) bozunmad\u0131r. ( 1 Ci ) olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r. ( 1\/Ci ) ye Becquerel radyoaktiflik \u015fiddet birimi denir.\n\nYar\u0131lanma s\u00fcresi radyoaktif maddenin miktar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Madde miktar\u0131 artt\u0131k\u00e7a \u0131\u015f\u0131ma miktar\u0131 artar , yar\u0131lanma s\u00fcresi ( yar\u0131 \u00f6m\u00fcr ) de\u011fi\u015fmez. Yar\u0131lanma s\u00fcresi radyoaktif maddeler i\u00e7in ay\u0131rt edici \u00f6zelliktir. \n\nYar\u0131lanma ile maddenin k\u00fctlesi t\u00fckenmez.\n\nRadyoaktif maddelerin yar\u0131lanma s\u00fcreleri ile ilgili hesaplamalar i\u00e7in maddenin bas\u0131n\u00e7 k\u00fctlesi , yar\u0131 \u00f6mr\u00fc , ge\u00e7en s\u00fcre , kalan madde miktar\u0131 gibi niceliklerin bilinmesi gerekir.\n\n\u00d6rnek 1.6 : Yar\u0131 \u00f6mr\u00fc 18 g\u00fcn olan radyoaktif bir elementin , 72 g\u00fcn sonunda % ka\u00e7\u0131 bozunmadan kal\u0131r?\n\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm : \n\nKa\u00e7 defa yar\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bulal\u0131m : 72\/18= 4 defa yar\u0131lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 k\u00fctlesi 100g al\u0131n\u0131rsa ;\n\n100 50 25 12.5 6.25 Kalan % 6.25 dir.\n\n\n\u00d6rnek 1.7 : Radyoaktif bir maddenin 3\/4 \u2018\u00fcn\u00fcn bozunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in n y\u0131l ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Yar\u0131 \u00f6mr\u00fc ka\u00e7 y\u0131ld\u0131r ? \n\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm : \n\nMadde miktar\u0131 4g al\u0131n\u0131rsa ; 3 gram\u0131 bozunmu\u015f 1gr kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\n\n4 2 1 2 defa yar\u0131lanm\u0131\u015f , 2 defa yar\u0131lanma n y\u0131lda olursa \n1 defa yar\u0131lanma x dersek x= n\/2 y\u0131l olur.\n\n\u00d6rnek 1.8 : Bir radyoaktif izotopun 24 g\u00fcn sonra ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7taki miktar\u0131n\u0131n 1 i geriye kald\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re , bu izotopun yar\u0131 \u00f6mr\u00fc ka\u00e7 g\u00fcnd\u00fcr ? 8 ( 1987-\u00d6YS)\n\nA) 1 \/ 3 B) 3 C) 8 D) 24 E) 96\n\n\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm :\n\nBu izotopun tamam\u0131 8 \/8 = 1\u2019dir. 1 \/ 8 i geriye kald\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re ; \n\n1 1 \/ 2 1\/ 4 1 \/8 \u015feklinde 3 kez yar\u0131lanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ge\u00e7en s\u00fcre 24 g\u00fcn olup , \n\nyar\u0131lanma s\u00fcresi 24 : 3 = 8 g\u00fcnd\u00fcr . (YANIT C ) \n\n\u00d6rnek 1.9 : Bir alfa , iki beta \u0131\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 yapan radyoaktif bir element i\u00e7in ;\nI. Kimyasal \u00f6zelli\u011fi de\u011fi\u015fir.\nII. N\u00f6tron say\u0131s\u0131 2 azal\u0131r.\nIII. \u0130zotopu olu\u015fur.\n\u0130fadelerinden hangileri do\u011frudur ? \n\nA) Yaln\u0131z I B) Yaln\u0131z II C) Yaln\u0131z III D) I ve II E) II ve III\n\n\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm ; Bir alfa \u0131\u015f\u0131mas\u0131nda atom numaras\u0131 2 , k\u00fctle numaras\u0131 4 azal\u0131r. \u0130ki beta \u0131\u015f\u0131mas\u0131nda ise atom numaras\u0131 2 artar , k\u00fctle numaras\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmez. B\u00f6ylece izotopu olu\u015fur.\n\n\n\u00d6rnek 2.0 : Radyoaktif maddelerin yar\u0131 \u00f6m\u00fcrleri ile ilgili \nI . Madde miktar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.\nII. Elementten elemente de\u011fi\u015fir.\nIII. Maddenin kat\u0131 , s\u0131v\u0131 ya da gaz halinde bulunmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.\n\nYarg\u0131lar\u0131ndan hangileri do\u011frudur ? ( 1996 \u2013 \u00d6YS ) \n\nA) Yaln\u0131z I B) Yaln\u0131z II C) Yaln\u0131z III D) I ve III E) I , II ve III\n\n\n\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm : \n\nRadyoaktif bir elementin yar\u0131 \u00f6mr\u00fc madde miktar\u0131na maddenin fiziksel haline ba\u011fl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Her element i\u00e7in farkl\u0131d\u0131r. ( YANIT B )\n<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Radyoaktiflik: Kendili\u011finden \u0131\u015f\u0131ma yapabilen maddeler radyoaktif maddelerdir .Radyoaktiflik \u00e7ekirdek yap\u0131s\u0131yla ili\u015fkilidir. Radyoaktif bir atom hangi bile\u015fi\u011fin yap\u0131s\u0131na girerse , o bile\u015fi\u011fi radyoaktif yapar. Radyoaktif maddeler kuvvetli birer enerji kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r . Radyoaktif elementler bu enerjiyi kendiliklerinden yay\u0131nlarlar ve bu olay\u0131 hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde durdurmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Atomun \u00e7ekirde\u011finde bulunan temel tanecikler proton ve n\u00f6tron olup bunlara n\u00fckleon …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[2171,2172,2139,2170,2138,2169],"class_list":["post-744","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-alfa-isinlari","tag-beta-isinlari","tag-notron","tag-nukleon","tag-proton","tag-radyoaktiflik"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/744","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=744"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/744\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=744"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=744"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=744"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}