Barut<\/p>\n
Ate\u015fli silahlarda \u00e7e\u015fitli ate\u015fleme ara\u00e7lar\u0131yla tutu\u015fturulmas\u0131 durumunda olu\u015fturdu\u011fu gazlar\u0131n itme g\u00fcc\u00fcyle merminin at\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 yada herhangi bir arac\u0131n f\u0131rlat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan yan\u0131c\u0131 kat\u0131 madde. Sava\u015f malzemesi olarak yan\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6zelli\u011finden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc bat\u0131da oldu\u011fu kadar do\u011fuda da ilk y\u00fczy\u0131llardan buyana kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu. En saf bi\u00e7imiyle karbonu, hidrojeni bol ve yan\u0131c\u0131 bir mineral olan neft, tam dokunma olmadan da ate\u015fi kendisine \u00e7ekebilme \u00f6zelli\u011fine sahiptir. Ya\u011f k\u00fck\u00fcrt v.b gibi ba\u015fka maddelerle kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucu \u201cRUM ATE\u015e\u0130\u201d diye bilinen daha da yan\u0131c\u0131 ve kal\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00f6zelli\u011fe b\u00fcr\u00fcnen neft insanlara, gemilere ve a\u011fa\u00e7tan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00e7e\u015fitli ku\u015fatma ara\u00e7lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 kullan\u0131lan s\u0131v\u0131 bi\u00e7imindeki yan\u0131c\u0131 maddenin \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturur. 1230\u2019a do\u011fru g\u00fcher\u00e7ilenin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra, neft yeni de\u011ferler kazand\u0131. 12.yy\u2019dan bu yana \u00c7inliler g\u00fcher\u00e7ilenin itici \u00f6zelli\u011fini bulmu\u015f ve onu sava\u015f fi\u015fe\u011fi kullanmak i\u00e7in kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. \u0130ranl\u0131lar\u0131n ve daha sonra Araplar\u0131n bu konuda \u00c7in ve Hint\u2019ten etkilendikleri san\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. G\u00fcher\u00e7ile \u00f6nce havai fi\u015fekler i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan ve neft ad\u0131n\u0131 alan ve h\u00e2l\u00e2 koruyan itici barutla kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. K\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra ayn\u0131 ad top barutuna ge\u00e7ti. Arap\u00e7ada g\u00fcher\u00e7ileli top barutuna \u00f6nceleri \u201cdawa\u201d (ila\u00e7, t\u00fcfek ilac\u0131) 1924\u2019den sonra da \u201cmidfa\u201d dendi. Fars\u00e7ada \u201cdar\u00fb\u201d ile e\u015fanlaml\u0131 olan bu terim T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede Arabistan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneyindeki Umman ve Aden\u2019de oldu\u011fu gibi barut olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Sonra da Fars\u00e7aya ve Balkan dillerine ge\u00e7ti. Genellikle g\u00fcher\u00e7ile, k\u00f6m\u00fcr ve k\u00fck\u00fcrtten olu\u015fan bu bile\u015fim karbarut olarak da bilinmektedir.<\/p>\n
Barutun Yap\u0131s\u0131<\/p>\n
Barutun kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131nda % 70-80 potasyum nitrat (KNO3), % 12-20 odun k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc, % 3-14 de k\u00fck\u00fcrt vard\u0131r. Potasyum nitrat k\u00f6m\u00fcrle k\u00fck\u00fcrt\u00fcn yanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli oksijeni verir. K\u00fck\u00fcrtse barutun kolayca tutu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. K\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn yanmas\u0131ndan karbondioksit, k\u00fck\u00fcrt\u00fcn yanmas\u0131ndan da k\u00fck\u00fcrtdioksit gazlar\u0131 olu\u015fur. Geriye kalan potasyum s\u00fclfat, potasyum karbonat, potasyum s\u00fclf\u00fcr gazlar\u0131ndan y\u00fcksek bir bas\u0131n\u00e7 elde edilir. Birdenbire ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bu bas\u0131n\u00e7, ate\u015fli silahlardaki merminin ileri f\u0131rlamas\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirir.<\/p>\n
Barutun Tarih\u00e7esi<\/p>\n
Avrupa\u2019da barutu ilkin Friburglu Berthold Schwardz (1318 \u2013 1384) adl\u0131 bir Alman rahip ve filozofun buldu\u011fu san\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Schwadz, Venediklilerin kulland\u0131klar\u0131 ilk toplar\u0131 d\u00f6kerek bu toplarda g\u00fclleleri uza\u011fa f\u0131rlatmak i\u00e7in baruttan yararland\u0131ysa da kimi tarih\u00e7iler, Avrupa 2da barutu Roger Bacon (1224 \u2013 1294) adl\u0131 \u0130ngiliz bilginin buldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrerler. Avrupa\u2019da ate\u015fli silahlarda barut ilk kez 13. Yy\u2019da kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. 14. Yy 2da da top\u00e7ulukta kullan\u0131m\u0131 geli\u015ftirildi. Barutun bug\u00fcnk\u00fc anlam\u0131yla ilk olarak \u0130ngilizlerle Frans\u0131zlar aras\u0131ndaki Cressy Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda (1346) kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir.<\/p>\n
Kimya alan\u0131ndaki ilerlemeler sonucu nitrosel\u00fcloz ve nitrogliserinin elde edilmesiyle hafif dumanl\u0131 barutlar kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Daha sonra dumans\u0131z barut (1886) ve \u0130sve\u00e7li kimyac\u0131 Alfred Nobel\u2019in (1833 \u2013 1896) buldu\u011fu y\u00fcksek nitelikli patlay\u0131c\u0131 bir madde olan nitrogliserinli barut kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Bu y\u00f6ndeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n s\u00fcrmesi sonucu barut g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de\u011fi\u015fik silah t\u00fcrlerinde istenilen bi\u00e7imde kullan\u0131labilecek hale getirildi.<\/p>\n
Barut \u00c7e\u015fitleri<\/p>\n
Barutlar; yap\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 maddeye, bi\u00e7imlerine ve g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri i\u015fe g\u00f6re \u00e7e\u015fitlere ayr\u0131l\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Pamuk Barutu: <\/p>\n
Pamu\u011fun nitrik asit ve s\u00fclf\u00fcrik asitle i\u015fleme tutulmas\u0131 sonucu elde edilen patlay\u0131c\u0131 madde. Pamuk barutu, bir tak\u0131m mermilerde ve elektrikli ate\u015fleme ayg\u0131tlar\u0131nda, alevi patlay\u0131c\u0131 maddeye ula\u015ft\u0131rmakta kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, y\u00fcksek nitelikli birtak\u0131m dumans\u0131z barutlar\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131nda da kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Pamuk barutu, i\u00e7inde bol azot bulunan bir nitrosel\u00fclozdur.<\/p>\n
Kordayt barutu: <\/p>\n
Birtak\u0131m devletlerde sevk barutu olarak kullan\u0131lan ve pamuk barutu, nitrogliserinle bir \u00e7e\u015fit madeni ya\u011fdan yap\u0131lan, \u00e7ubuk bi\u00e7iminde \u00e7ift bazl\u0131 baruttur.<\/p>\n
\u00d6teki barut t\u00fcrleri:<\/p>\n
A\u011f\u0131zotu barutu, ate\u015f barutu, ate\u015fleme barutu, \u00e7ak\u0131l barutu, \u00e7ikolata barutu, taneli barut, esmer barut, imla barutu, ip barutu, i\u015f\u2019al barutu, kaps\u00fcl barutu, keskin barut, la\u011f\u0131m barutu, makarna barutu, mens\u00fbri (prizmatik) barut, mikrop barutu, tahrip barutu, top barutu, yaprak barutu vb.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Barut Ate\u015fli silahlarda \u00e7e\u015fitli ate\u015fleme ara\u00e7lar\u0131yla tutu\u015fturulmas\u0131 durumunda olu\u015fturdu\u011fu gazlar\u0131n itme g\u00fcc\u00fcyle merminin at\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 yada herhangi bir arac\u0131n f\u0131rlat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan yan\u0131c\u0131 kat\u0131 madde. Sava\u015f malzemesi olarak yan\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6zelli\u011finden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc bat\u0131da oldu\u011fu kadar do\u011fuda da ilk y\u00fczy\u0131llardan buyana kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu. En saf bi\u00e7imiyle karbonu, hidrojeni bol ve yan\u0131c\u0131 bir mineral olan neft, tam dokunma olmadan da ate\u015fi …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[2246,2136,2247,2127,2249,2248,855],"class_list":["post-764","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-barut","tag-hidrojen","tag-karbon","tag-kno3","tag-pamuk-barutu","tag-roger-bacon","tag-savas"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/764","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=764"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/764\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=764"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=764"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=764"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}