Ala\u015f\u0131mlar<\/p>\n
Ala\u015f\u0131m:\u0130ki veya birka\u00e7 maddenin muhtelif oranlarda beraberce eritilerek meydana getirilen kar\u0131\u015f\u0131ma ala\u015f\u0131m denir.<\/p>\n
Ala\u015f\u0131mda c\u0131va bulunursa malgama ad\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131r. C\u0131va yaln\u0131z demir ve platin madenleriyle malgama yapmaz. Madenlerin \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00f6zellikleri vard\u0131r. Baz\u0131 madenler yumu\u015fak yaln\u0131z ba\u015f\u0131na kullan\u0131lamazlar. Alt\u0131n ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f gibi. Baz\u0131 madenler ise d\u00f6k\u00fcme elveri\u015fli de\u011fildirler. Bak\u0131r gibi, baz\u0131lar\u0131 kolayca a\u015f\u0131nabilirler. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 dayan\u0131kl\u0131 veya dayan\u0131ks\u0131zd\u0131rlar. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 y\u00fcksek ve baz\u0131lar\u0131 da al\u00e7ak s\u0131cakl\u0131kta ergirler. \u0130\u015fte madenlerin g\u00f6sterdikleri bu \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00f6zelliklerden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc teknikte lay\u0131k\u0131yla faydalanmak i\u00e7in ve daha elveri\u015fli olmalar\u0131n\u0131 temin amac\u0131yla ala\u015f\u0131mlar yap\u0131ld\u0131. Mesela bak\u0131r d\u00f6k\u00fcme elveri\u015fli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bak\u0131r\u0131 kalayla birlikte eriterek tun\u00e7 ve \u00e7inko ile eriterek pirin\u00e7 ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131. Ala\u015f\u0131mlar; kendisini meydana getiren madenlerin erime noktalar\u0131ndan daha a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 derecede eridikleri i\u00e7in teknikte kullan\u0131lmaya elveri\u015flidirler. <\/p>\n
Ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n Elde Edilmesi<\/p>\n
Ala\u015f\u0131mlar: Birden fazla \u00e7e\u015fitli maden par\u00e7alar\u0131 eritilmek suretiyle elde edilir. Madenlerin oksitlenmelerine engel olmak i\u00e7in k\u00f6m\u00fcr tozu ile \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fcr ve toprak bir pota i\u00e7erisinde eritilir. E\u011fer madenlerden biri u\u00e7ucu ise di\u011fer maden erimekte iken di\u011feri ile kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. U\u00e7madan meydana gelecek eksikli\u011fi tamamlamak i\u00e7in biraz fazla miktar maden konur. <\/p>\n
\u00c7ok miktarda ala\u015f\u0131m elde etmek i\u00e7in reverber f\u0131r\u0131nlar\u0131nda ergitilerek yap\u0131l\u0131r<\/p>\n
Ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n \u00d6zellikleri:<\/p>\n
\u2022Ala\u015f\u0131mlar, yo\u011fun olup maden parlakl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u0131s\u0131 ve elektri\u011fi iletirler. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 beyazd\u0131r. Fakat bak\u0131r ve alt\u0131n gibi renkli madenler yeteri miktarda bulunursa ala\u015f\u0131mlar renklidir.<\/p>\n
\u2022Genel olarak ala\u015f\u0131mlar, kendini te\u015fkil eden maddelerden daha sert, fakat daha az levha haline gelebilir ve dayan\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131rlar. \u00c7ok fazla levha ve yaprak haline gelebilen alt\u0131n, antimon veya kur\u015fun ile kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman sert ve k\u0131r\u0131labilir. <\/p>\n
\u2022Bak\u0131rda, kalayla birle\u015fti\u011fi zaman levha haline gelebilme \u00f6zeli\u011fini kaybeder. <\/p>\n
\u2022Ala\u015f\u0131mlarda her iki metal, hem kat\u0131 hem de s\u0131v\u0131 halinde birbiri i\u00e7erisinde ergimi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
\u2022Metaller birbiri i\u00e7erisinde erimezler. Bu takdirde alelade bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m meydana gelmi\u015ftir. Bu ala\u015f\u0131m mikroskop alt\u0131nda iki \u00e7e\u015fit kristal g\u00f6sterir. Kur\u015fun-Antimon ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131 gibi.<\/p>\n
\u2022Ala\u015f\u0131m kristali, her iki atom say\u0131lar\u0131 oran\u0131nda ihtiva eder. Sodyum malgamas\u0131, Bak\u0131r-\u00c7inko ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131, Al\u00fcminyum-Bak\u0131r ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131, Demir- Karbon ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131 gibi. Fakat bu \u015fekildeki ala\u015f\u0131mlar teknik bak\u0131mdan kullan\u0131lmaya elveri\u015fli de\u011fildir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bunlar \u00e7ok k\u0131r\u0131l\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u2022Ala\u015f\u0131mlar genellikle kendilerini meydana getiren metallerden daha az aktiftirler. \u00d6rne\u011fin, sodyum malgamas\u0131 suyu daha yava\u015f ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Halbuki sodyum suya \u00e7ok kuvvetli etki yapar. <\/p>\n
Ala\u015f\u0131mlar: Yap\u0131lar\u0131na giren az eriyebilen madenlerden daha fazla ve daha kolayl\u0131kla eriyebilir. Bir k\u0131sm\u0131 bu madenlerden en ziyade eriyebilen madenin erime derecesinden daha a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 bir derecede erir. Mesele kur\u015fun 3350C, bizmut 2640C, kalay 2280C eridi\u011fi halde Bi8, Pb5, Sn3 k\u0131s\u0131mlardan ibaret olan ala\u015f\u0131m 94,50C de erir.(Darcet) darse ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131.<\/p>\n
Bak\u0131r ve kalay ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131 zamanla dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kaybeder. Bak\u0131r bir\u00e7ok ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131na girer. K\u0131ymetli madenlerden g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ve alt\u0131na sertlik verir. Parlakl\u0131k ve renklerini bozmadan, inceliklerini korur.
\nKimyasal \u00d6zellikleri:<\/p>\n
\u2022U\u00e7abilen bir madeni bulunan ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 \u0131s\u0131 analiz eder. Bundan alt\u0131n ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f elde etmekte faydalan\u0131l\u0131r.Alt\u0131n veya g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f tozu \u00f6nce c\u0131va ile kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.G\u00fcderiden s\u00fcz\u00fclerek c\u0131van\u0131n fazlas\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r ve sonra ala\u015f\u0131m \u0131s\u0131t\u0131larak u\u00e7abilen madde ay\u0131rt edilir. Ala\u015f\u0131mlar, ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 te\u015fkil eden maddelerden daha az oksitlenebilen ve asitlerden daha az etkilenebilen kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u2022Genel olarak oksijen, ala\u015f\u0131mlar \u00fczerine etki eder. Bu halde madenden biri bir asit oksidi, di\u011feri, bir baz oksidi yapar. \u0130\u015fte bunun i\u00e7indir ki kalay ve kur\u015fun, antimon ve potasyumdan ibaret ala\u015f\u0131mlar alevle yanar. Baz\u0131 madenler kimyaca birle\u015fmi\u015fler ve birtak\u0131m ala\u015f\u0131mlar yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u2022Mesela; (Sodyum c\u0131va malgamas\u0131),(Bak\u0131r \u00e7inko),(Al\u00fcminyum bak\u0131r),(Demir karbon) bile\u015fikleridir.Fakat bu ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n teknikte kullan\u0131lmalar\u0131 elveri\u015fli de\u011fildir. \u00c7abuk k\u0131r\u0131labilirler. Bu ala\u015f\u0131mlar belirli oranlar kanununa g\u00f6re te\u015fekk\u00fcl etmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n
\u2022Ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n mikroskopla incelenmelerine gelince; bir ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131n parlak y\u00fczeyi \u00fcst\u00fcne asitler veya baz\u0131 kimyasal ay\u0131ra\u00e7lar d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcrse ala\u015f\u0131mda muhtelif renkler g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Etkimeler birbirinden farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Madenin cinsine g\u00f6re \u00e7e\u015fitli irili ufakl\u0131 \u00e7ukurlar meydana gelir eski \u015fekliyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Mikroskopta incelenir ve foto\u011fraf\u0131 al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00d6nemli Ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 Bulunan Elementler:<\/p>\n
Bak\u0131r (Cu)
\n Bak\u0131r, \u00f6nemli ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funun bile\u015fimine girer. De\u011ferli madenlerle kar\u0131\u015farak , onlara, renk ve parlakl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 bozmaks\u0131z\u0131n sertlik ve ince k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 bile koruma \u00f6zelli\u011fi verir.
\nBronzlar (tun\u00e7lar); Bak\u0131r, kalay ile \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli olan tun\u00e7lar\u0131 te\u015fkil eder. Toplar\u0131n tuncu dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir. \u00c7anlar\u0131n tuncu, top tuncuna g\u00f6re kalay\u0131n daha \u00e7ok oranda bulundu\u011fu tun\u00e7tur. Bu tun\u00e7 k\u0131r\u0131labilir, fakat \u00e7ok t\u0131nlar.<\/p>\n
Bak\u0131r al\u00fcminyum ile \u00e7ok sert bir tun\u00e7 meydana getirir. Silisli ve fosforlu tun\u00e7lar da vard\u0131r.
\nBak\u0131r, \u00e7inko ile pirinci olu\u015fturur. \u00c7inko ve nikel ile de mayekor (taklit g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f\u00fc) yapar.<\/p>\n
\u00c7inko (Zn)
\n \u00c7inko, daima ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 halinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. En \u00f6nemli ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 pirin\u00e7, bronz ve beyaz metaldir. Pirin\u00e7; \u00e7inko ve bak\u0131r ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131 olup, ala\u015f\u0131mda bu iki metalin oranlar\u0131 \u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fiktir. Fakat en \u00e7ok kullan\u0131lan tipinde bak\u0131r %60, \u00e7inko %40 oran\u0131nda bulunur. Bronz; Bak\u0131r ve kalay ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131 olup, bir miktar \u00e7inko ilave edilir. Beyaz metal; \u00e7inko bak\u0131r,al\u00fcminyum ve magnezyum metalleri kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndan ibaret bir ala\u015f\u0131md\u0131r. Son zamanlarda, otomobil end\u00fcstrisinde karb\u00fcrat\u00f6r, yak\u0131t pompas\u0131, radyat\u00f6r, kap\u0131 kollar\u0131 v.b. gibi par\u00e7alar\u0131 yapmakta \u00e7ok kullan\u0131l\u0131r.
\n\u00c7inkonun ikinci derecede \u00f6nemli bir ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131 Alman g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f\u00fcd\u00fcr. (Yeni g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f). Bile\u015fimi; bak\u0131r, nikel ve \u00e7inko metallerinden ibarettir. Ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131n g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fle ilgisi olmamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fe benzedi\u011fi i\u00e7in bu isim verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Al\u00fcminyum<\/p>\n
Al\u00fcminyum tun\u00e7lar\u0131, ekonomi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, elektrik f\u0131r\u0131n\u0131nda 70 kg bak\u0131r ile 40 kg korenden veya boksitle k\u00f6m\u00fcr par\u00e7alar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m \u0131s\u0131t\u0131larak yap\u0131l\u0131r; al\u00fcmin Al2O3 indirgenir. Karbon monoksit \u00e7\u0131kar ve %14 al\u00fcminyumu bulunan bir ala\u015f\u0131m elde edilir. Bu ala\u015f\u0131m yeter miktarda bak\u0131r ile beraber eritilirse, tun\u00e7tan daha \u00e7ok dayan\u0131kl\u0131 ala\u015f\u0131mlar elde edilir.<\/p>\n
Demirli al\u00fcminyum; i\u015flemde bak\u0131r yerine font konularak, %90 demir ve %10 al\u00fcminyumu bulunan demirli al\u00fcminyum (Ferro-Al\u00fcminium) elde edilir. Bu ala\u015f\u0131m demir veya \u00e7eli\u011fi ar\u0131tmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. 10 k\u0131s\u0131m al\u00fcminyum ve 90 k\u0131s\u0131m bak\u0131rdan ibaret ala\u015f\u0131mlar al\u00fcminyum tuncunu yapar; bu ala\u015f\u0131m alt\u0131n parlakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve demirin sa\u011flaml\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 haizdir. Bu ala\u015f\u0131m, 1 kg bak\u0131r ve 1 kg \u00e7inko ile beraber tekrar edilirse adi pirin\u00e7ten daha sa\u011flam ve daha sert al\u00fcminyum pirinci meydana gelir. Al\u00fcminyum pirinci nikel ile beraber tekrar eritilirse, gayet dayan\u0131kl\u0131 ve kolayl\u0131kla kal\u0131ba d\u00f6k\u00fclebilir bir yeni ala\u015f\u0131m meydana gelir. 10 k\u0131s\u0131m kalay ve 100 k\u0131s\u0131m al\u00fcminyumdan ibaret ala\u015f\u0131m, al\u00fcminyumun renk ve bir dereceye kadar hafifli\u011fini korur. Daha kolay ,i\u015flenir.<\/p>\n
Al\u00fcminyumu lehimler.<\/p>\n
Silimin: %86 al\u00fcminyum ve %14 silisyumdan ibarettir. Bunlardan ba\u015fka dural\u00fcminyum, magnalyum ve elektron ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 da vard\u0131r.
\nAl\u00fcminyumun g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, alt\u0131n ile olan ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 da ziynet yapmakta kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Kur\u015fun (Pb)
\n Kur\u015fun ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 yapmada maksat, sert, sert oldu\u011fu kadar esnek ve k\u0131r\u0131lmaya kar\u015f\u0131 dayan\u0131kl\u0131, erime noktalar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bir metal kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 elde etmektir. Bunlar aras\u0131nda en \u00f6nemlileri;<\/p>\n
Lehim; Erime noktas\u0131 182oC olan bu ala\u015f\u0131m %40 kur\u015fun, %60 kalaydan olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n
Kur\u015fun-antimon ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131:
\nBile\u015fimi: %13-25 kur\u015fun, %75-87 antimondur. \u00c7ok sert olup k\u0131r\u0131lganl\u0131klar\u0131 biraz fazlad\u0131r. Y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7lara dayanamazlar. Bu k\u00f6t\u00fc \u00f6zelli\u011fi ortadan kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kar\u0131\u015f\u0131ma bir miktar kalay ilave edilir. \u00d6rnek; %73 kur\u015fun, %15 antimon ve %12 kalaydan ibaret ala\u015f\u0131mdan matbaa harfleri yap\u0131l\u0131r. Sert ve bas\u0131nca dayan\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
En \u00d6nemli Ala\u015f\u0131mlar<\/p>\n
\u015eimdi burada baz\u0131 \u00f6nemli ala\u015f\u0131mlar incelenecektir.
\nBak\u0131r ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131
\nBak\u0131r + Kalay — Tun\u00e7
\nBak\u0131r + \u00c7inko — Pirin\u00e7
\nBak\u0131r + \u00c7inko + Nikel — Mayakor
\nBak\u0131r + \u00c7inko + Kalay — Teknik eserler tuncu
\nBak\u0131r + Al\u00fcminyum — Fen ayg\u0131tlar\u0131nda, deniz valfleri, pervaneler, d\u00fcmenler.
\nAlt\u0131n, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ve alt\u0131n, bak\u0131r ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131
\nAlt\u0131n + G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f — Ye\u015fil alt\u0131n
\nAlt\u0131n + G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f — Solmu\u015f yaprak alt\u0131n\u0131
\nAlt\u0131n + G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f — Su ye\u015fili alt\u0131n\u0131
\nAlt\u0131n + G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f + Bak\u0131r — Roz alt\u0131n\u0131
\nAlt\u0131n + G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f + Bak\u0131r — Sar\u0131, \u00e7ok beyaz, de\u011ferli \u0130ngiliz alt\u0131n\u0131
\nKur\u015fun ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131
\nKur\u015fun + Kalay — Lehim
\nKur\u015fun + Arsenik — Sa\u00e7ma ve mermi
\nKur\u015fun + Antimon + Kalay — Matbaa harfleri
\nDemir ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131
\nKrom + Demir — Tel-silindir yataklar\u0131
\nDemir + Nikel — Fen aletleri
\nDemir + Nikel — Ampul teli
\nDemir + Molibden — Y\u00fcksek h\u0131zl\u0131 d\u00f6k\u00fcmde
\nDemir + Volfram — Par\u00e7a d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcnde (tungsten \u00e7eli\u011fi)
\nDemirin fosforlu, karbonlu, silisyumlu, \u00e7elikleri de \u00f6nemli ala\u015f\u0131mlardand\u0131r.
\nNikel ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131
\nBak\u0131r + Nikel — Asit tanklar\u0131 (Monel Metal)
\nNikel + Krom — Elektrik demiri ve elektrik \u0131zgaras\u0131.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Ala\u015f\u0131mlar Ala\u015f\u0131m:\u0130ki veya birka\u00e7 maddenin muhtelif oranlarda beraberce eritilerek meydana getirilen kar\u0131\u015f\u0131ma ala\u015f\u0131m denir. Ala\u015f\u0131mda c\u0131va bulunursa malgama ad\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131r. C\u0131va yaln\u0131z demir ve platin madenleriyle malgama yapmaz. Madenlerin \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00f6zellikleri vard\u0131r. Baz\u0131 madenler yumu\u015fak yaln\u0131z ba\u015f\u0131na kullan\u0131lamazlar. Alt\u0131n ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f gibi. Baz\u0131 madenler ise d\u00f6k\u00fcme elveri\u015fli de\u011fildirler. Bak\u0131r gibi, baz\u0131lar\u0131 kolayca a\u015f\u0131nabilirler. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 dayan\u0131kl\u0131 …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[2253,2258,2256,2257,2254,2259,2255],"class_list":["post-768","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-alasimlar","tag-aluminyum","tag-bakir","tag-cinko","tag-civa","tag-kursun","tag-malgama"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/768","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=768"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/768\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=768"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=768"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=768"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}