Mayoz B\u00f6l\u00fcnme<\/p>\n
Kromozon say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n nesiller boyu sabit tutulmas\u0131 mayoz b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ile sa\u011flan\u0131r. Mayoz \u00f6zel bir h\u00fccre b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesidir. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcnme ile diploit h\u00fccrelerden hoplait h\u00fccreler meydana gelmektedir. Olu\u015fan haploit h\u00fccrelere gamet denir. <\/p>\n
Mayoz b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesinin amac\u0131, kromozon say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yar\u0131ya inmesini sa\u011flamakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Mayoz b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde sonucu olu\u015fan n kromozomlu gamet h\u00fccrelerinin d\u00f6llenmesi sonucunda olu\u015fan zigotun kromozon say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 2n olur. Dolas\u0131yla mayoz b\u00f6l\u00fcnme ile kromozon say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n nesiller boyunca sabit kalmas\u0131 sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f olur. Zigotun olu\u015fmas\u0131 ile yeni birey ana ve babas\u0131n\u0131n kromozonlar\u0131ndan birer tane ta\u015f\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece ana ve baban\u0131n \u00f6zelikleri yeni nesillere aktar\u0131r. Mayoz b\u00f6l\u00fcnme ile ayr\u0131ca t\u00fcr i\u00e7i \u00e7e\u015fitlilik de ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Baz\u0131 bitki ve tek h\u00fccreli canl\u0131lar, haploit (n) kromozonlu olduklr\u0131 i\u00e7in ya\u015famlar\u0131 boyunca bayoz b\u00f6l\u00fcnme ge\u00e7irmezler.<\/p>\n
Mayoz b\u00f6l\u00fcnme birbirini takip eden mayoz l ve mayoz ll olmak \u00fczere iki b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fur. Her iki b\u00f6l\u00fcmde de mitoz b\u00f6l\u00fcnmede oldugu gibi profaz, metafaz, anafaz, telofaz evreleri g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u00dcreme ana h\u00fccresi mayoz b\u00f6l\u00fcnmeye ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce bir haz\u0131rl\u0131k avresi ge\u00e7irir. Bu haz\u0131rl\u0131k evresine interfaz evresi denir.<\/p>\n
\u0130nterfaz: Bu evrede h\u00fccrede b\u00fcy\u00fcme, solunum, proteyin sentezi gibi metabolik olaylar\u0131n h\u0131z\u0131 \u00e7ok y\u00fcksektir. \u0130nterfazda DNA\u2019n\u0131n kendini e\u015fledi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n
Mayoz b\u00f6l\u00fcnme nin Mayoz I ve Mayoz II evreleri a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibidir.<\/p>\n
Mayoz I Profaz-I: Profaz\u0131n erken safhalar\u0131nda kromozomlar k\u0131sal\u0131p kal\u0131nla\u015fmaya ba\u015flarkrn, ana ve babadan gelen homolog kromozomlar yan yana gelir ve bir birinin \u00fczerine k\u0131vr\u0131l\u0131rlar. K\u0131salma sonucunda kromozomlar mitoz b\u00f6l\u00fcnmedeki gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmeye ba\u015flar. Kromozomlar k\u0131salmaya devam ederek son kal\u0131n \u015feklini al\u0131r.<\/p>\n
HOMLOG KROMOZOM \u00c7\u0130FT\u0130 D\u00d6RTL\u00dc KROMOT\u0130TLER HAL\u0130N\u0130 ALIR. BU D\u00d6RTL\u00dc GURUPLARA TETRAT DEN\u0130R<\/p>\n
Tetratlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 haploit kromozom say\u0131s\u0131na e\u015fittir. Tetrat olu\u015fumundan sonra kal\u0131tsal madde al\u0131\u015f veri\u015fi olur. Bu evrede homolog kromozom \u00e7iftleri iyice yan yana gelerek bir birleriyle sarmal yaparlar. Bu olaya sinapsis denir. Sinapsis s\u0131ras\u0131nda kromozomlar\u0131n karde\u015f olmayan kromotitlerin bir birine dokunan par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 aras\u0131nda gen de\u011fi\u015f toku\u015fu olur. Bu olaya krossing-over (par\u00e7a de\u011fi\u015fimi) denir. <\/p>\n
Par\u00e7a de\u011fi\u015fimi mayoz b\u00f6l\u00fcnmenin en \u00f6nemli olay\u0131d\u0131r. Par\u00e7a de\u011f\u015fimi ile yeni gen birle\u015fmeleri meydana gelir. <\/p>\n
YEN\u0130 GEN B\u0130RLE\u015eMELER\u0130 \u0130LE AYNI T\u00dcR\u00dcN B\u0130REYLER\u0130 ARASINDA FARKLI \u00d6ZELL\u0130KLER\u0130N ORTAYA \u00c7IKMASI SA\u011eLANMI\u015e OLUR.<\/p>\n
Profaz s\u0131ras\u0131nda e\u015flenmi\u015f olan sentrioller bu safhan\u0131n sonuna do\u011fru ayr\u0131 kutuplara \u00e7ekilir ve aralar\u0131nda i\u011f iplikleri olu\u015fur. Profaz sonunda \u00e7ekirdek\u00e7ik ve \u00e7ekirdek zar\u0131n\u0131n tamamen eridi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Metafaz-1: Tetratlar h\u00fccrenin ekvator d\u00fczlemine muntazam \u015fekilde yerla\u015fir ve \u00e7ift kromatitli kromozomlar sentromerlerden i\u011f iplik\u00e7iklerine ba\u011flan\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n
Anafaz-1: Tetratlar ikili kromatitlerine ayr\u0131larak z\u0131t kutuplara \u00e7ekilirler. B\u00f6ylece homolog kromozomlar bir birinden ayr\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Telofaz-1: Kutuplara \u00e7ekilen kromozomlar\u0131n \u00e7evresinde \u00e7ekirdek zar\u0131 olu\u015fur ve stoplazma bo\u011fum yaparak ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Telofaz sonunda homolog kromozom \u00e7iftinden yaln\u0131z birini ta\u015f\u0131yan haploit (n) iki h\u00fccre meydana gelir.<\/p>\n
Mayoz II ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce mayoz I\u2019de oldu\u011fu gibi interfaz safhas\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmez. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla DNA kendisini e\u015fleyemez. Yanl\u0131zca sentromerlerinkendisini e\u015fledi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Mayoz-II: Mayoz I sonunda meydanagelen haploit mayoz II\u2019de tekrar b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcr ve haploit kromozomlu4 h\u00fccre meydana gelir. Mayoz II ana hatlar\u0131yla mitoz b\u00f6l\u00fcnmeye benzadi\u011fi i\u00e7in yeni meydana gelen h\u00fccreler de haploittir. Bu safhada sadece kromatitler bir birinden ayr\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Profaz-II: Telofaz I\u2019den sonra g\u00f6r\u00fclen ve \u00e7ok k\u0131sa s\u00fcren bir safhad\u0131r. Baz\u0131 organizmalarda telofaz I\u2019den sonra hemen metafaz II safhas\u0131 ba\u015flayabilir. \u0130\u011f iplikleri kromatitler ba\u011flan\u0131r. \u00c7ekirdek zar\u0131 olu\u015fmu\u015fsa par\u00e7alanmaya ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n
Metafaz-II: Kromatitler h\u00fccrenin ekvator d\u00fczlemine d\u00fczg\u00fcn bir \u015fekilde yerle\u015firken kromatitler i\u011f iplikleri tarf\u0131ndan sentromellerinden tutunur.<\/p>\n
Anafaz-II: Ekvatoral d\u00fczlem \u00fczerinde dizilmi\u015f kromatitler birbirinden ayr\u0131l\u0131r ve kutuplara do\u011fru hareket eder. Bu kromatitlere bundan sonra kromozom denir. B\u00f6ylece her o\u011ful bireyde haploit kromozom bulunur.<\/p>\n
Telofaz-II: Mayoz b\u00f6l\u00fcnmenin son safhas\u0131d\u0131r. Kutuplara \u00e7ekilen kromozomlar\u0131n etraf\u0131nad \u00e7ekirdek zar\u0131 olu\u015furken bir yanda da stoplazma bo\u011fumlanmaya ba\u015flar. B\u00f6ylece h\u00fccre ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcr. <\/p>\n
Mayoz II sonunda d\u00f6rt tane haploit kromozolu h\u00fccre meydana gelir. B\u00f6ylece diploit (2n) kromozom tak\u0131m\u0131na sahip bir h\u00fccreden mayoz b\u00f6l\u00fcnmeye d\u00f6rt tane haploit (n) kromozomlu h\u00fccre olu\u015fur. Gamet ad\u0131 verilen bu h\u00fccrelerin b\u00f6l\u00fcnme yetenekleri yoktur. Ancak iki gametin birle\u015fmesiyle olu\u015fan h\u00fccre (zigot) b\u00f6l\u00fcnme yetene\u011fine sahiptir.<\/p>\n
MAYOZ B\u00d6L\u00dcNME ERKEN \u00dcREME ORGANI OLAN TEST\u0130SLERDE GER\u00c7EKLE\u015e\u0130YORSA, BU OLAYA SPERMATOGENEZ DEN\u0130R<\/p>\n
Spermler, seminifer t\u00fcp\u00e7\u00fcklerde bulunan 2n kromozomlu spermatogonium denilen h\u00fccrelerde olu\u015fur. Spermatogoniumlar b\u00fcy\u00fcy\u00fcp geli\u015ferek mayoz b\u00f6l\u00fcnmeye haz\u0131rlan\u0131r. Haz\u0131rlanan bu h\u00fccrelere 1.dereceli spermatosit denir. 2n kromozomlu olan 1.dereceli spermatositlerden mayoz I sonunda haploit (n) kromozomlu iki h\u00fccre meydana gelir. Bu h\u00fccrelere 2.dereceli spermatosit denir. \u0130kinci dereceli spermatositlerden mayoz II sonunda spermatit ad\u0131 verilen haploit (n) kromozomlu d\u00f6rt h\u00fccre olu\u015fur. Bu d\u00f6rt h\u00fccre de farkl\u0131la\u015farak sperm h\u00fccrelerine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
MAYOZ B\u00d6L\u00dcNME D\u0130\u015e\u0130 \u00dcREME ORGANI OLAN YUMURTALIKLARDA GER\u00c7EKLE\u015e\u0130YORSA BU OLAYA OOGENEZ DEN\u0130R<\/p>\n
Oogenez sonucunda bir h\u00fccreden (n) kromozomlu d\u00f6rt h\u00fccre olu\u015fur. Bu h\u00fccrelerden \u00fc\u00e7 tanesi az sitoplazmal\u0131 ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fcr. Bu h\u00fccreler kutup h\u00fccresi olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Bol stoplazmal\u0131 ve b\u00fcy\u00fck olan di\u011fer h\u00fccreye ootit denir. Ootit farkl\u0131la\u015farak yumurta h\u00fccresini (ovum) olu\u015fturur. Sonu\u00e7ta 2n (diploit) kromozomlu \u00fcreme ana h\u00fccresinden n kromozomlu yumurta h\u00fccresi meydana gelir. Olu\u015fan sperm ve yumurta h\u00fccresine \u00fcreme h\u00fccresi denir.<\/p>\n
Mayoz b\u00f6l\u00fcnme ile ilgili problemler<\/p>\n
1 \u2013 2n=64 kromozomlu bir ana \u00fcreme h\u00fccresi, mayoz b\u00f6l\u00fcnme s\u0131ras\u0131nda ka\u00e7 tetrat olu\u015fturur?<\/p>\n
\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm<\/p>\n
2n = 64
\nBir h\u00fccrede tetrat say\u0131s\u0131 n kromozom say\u0131s\u0131na e\u015fit oldu\u011funa g\u00f6re :
\n2n = 64
\nn \uf0e0 64 : 2 = 32 n = 32 <\/p>\n
2 – n = 14 olan diploid bir h\u00fccre, mayoz I b\u00f6l\u00fcnmenin interfaz\u0131nda ka\u00e7 tane kromatit olu\u015fturur?<\/p>\n
\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm
\nn = 14 her kromozomda 2 kromatit bulunur.<\/p>\n
2n = 28 28 * 2 = 56 kromatit<\/p>\n
M\u0130TOZ VE MAYOZ ARASINDAK\u0130 FARKLAR<\/p>\n
M\u0130TOZ <\/p>\n
1 \u2013 \u00c7ok h\u00fccreli canl\u0131lar\u0131n v\u00fccut h\u00fccrelerinde bulunur.<\/p>\n
2 \u2013 V\u00fccudun b\u00fct\u00fcn doku ve organalr\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
3 \u2013 Olu\u015fan h\u00fccreler canl\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesini sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n
4 \u2013 B\u00f6l\u00fcnme sonucunda olu\u015fan h\u00fccrelerde kromozom say\u0131s\u0131 sabit kal\u0131r.<\/p>\n
5 \u2013 B\u00f6l\u00fcnme sonucunda olu\u015fan h\u00fccreler kal\u0131tsal olarak birbirinin tamamen ayn\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
6 \u2013 Mitoz b\u00f6l\u00fcnme sonucunda iki h\u00fccre olu\u015fur. <\/p>\n
7 \u2013 Mitoz b\u00f6l\u00fcnme s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7ekirdek ve sitoplazma b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi bir kez olur. <\/p>\n
8 \u2013 B\u00f6l\u00fcnme s\u0131ras\u0131nda tetrat ve crossing-over olaylar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmez.<\/p>\n
9 \u2013 Zigotun olu\u015fumundan \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne kadar s\u00fcrer.<\/p>\n
MAYOZ <\/p>\n
1 \u2013 \u00c7ok h\u00fccreli canl\u0131lar\u0131n \u00fcreme h\u00fccrelerinde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
2 \u2013 Bitkilerin \u00e7i\u00e7eklerindeki \u00fcreme organlar\u0131nda, hayvanlar\u0131n \u00fcreme organlar\u0131nda bulunur.<\/p>\n
3 \u2013 Olu\u015fan h\u00fccreler \u00fcremeyi sa\u011flar. <\/p>\n
4 \u2013 B\u00f6l\u00fcnme sonucunda olu\u015fan h\u00fccrelerde kromozom say\u0131s\u0131 yar\u0131ya iner.<\/p>\n
5 \u2013 Olu\u015fan h\u00fccreler kal\u0131tsal olarak farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterir. <\/p>\n
6 \u2013 Mayoz b\u00f6l\u00fcnme sonucunda d\u00f6rt h\u00fccre olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n
7 \u2013 Mayoz b\u00f6l\u00fcnme s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7ekirdek ve sitoplazma b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi iki kez ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. (MayozI ve mayoz II)<\/p>\n
8 \u2013 B\u00f6l\u00fcnme s\u0131ras\u0131nda tetrat ve crossing-over olaylar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
9 \u2013 Ergenlik d\u00f6neminde ba\u015flar, \u00fcreme d\u00f6nemi boyunca s\u00fcrer.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Mayoz B\u00f6l\u00fcnme Kromozon say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n nesiller boyu sabit tutulmas\u0131 mayoz b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ile sa\u011flan\u0131r. Mayoz \u00f6zel bir h\u00fccre b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesidir. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcnme ile diploit h\u00fccrelerden hoplait h\u00fccreler meydana gelmektedir. Olu\u015fan haploit h\u00fccrelere gamet denir. Mayoz b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesinin amac\u0131, kromozon say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yar\u0131ya inmesini sa\u011flamakt\u0131r. Mayoz b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde sonucu olu\u015fan n kromozomlu gamet h\u00fccrelerinin d\u00f6llenmesi sonucunda olu\u015fan zigotun kromozon say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 2n olur. …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[2370,2288,2372,2368,2367,2369,2371],"class_list":["post-799","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-anafaz","tag-dna","tag-interfaz","tag-kromozon-profaz","tag-mayoz-bolunme","tag-metafaz","tag-telofaz"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/799","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=799"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/799\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=799"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=799"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=799"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}