\n H\u00dcCRE
\nH\u00fccre teorisi:
\n1)B\u00fct\u00fcn canl\u0131lar h\u00fccrelerden meydana gelmi\u015ftir.
\n2)H\u00fccreler ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z hareket ettikleri halde birlikte i\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcrler.
\n3)H\u00fccreler b\u00f6l\u00fcnerek \u00e7o\u011fal\u0131rlar.
\n\u2022 Tek h\u00fccrelilerde b\u00fct\u00fcn olaylar h\u00fccre i\u00e7erisinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.\u0130\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ve doku olu\u015fumu yoktur.\u00c7ok h\u00fccrelilerde b\u00fct\u00fcn olaylar h\u00fccre gruplar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ile olur.
\n\u2022 En basit \u00e7ok h\u00fccreli yada en karma\u015f\u0131k tek h\u00fccreli Volvox\u2019 tur.
\n\u2022 Volvox’ ta i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc vard\u0131r ama doku olu\u015fumu yoktur.
\n\u2022 Tek h\u00fccrelilerin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu toplulu\u011fa koloni denir.
\n\u2022 Bilinen en b\u00fcy\u00fck h\u00fccre deve ku\u015fu yumurtas\u0131d\u0131r. Bilinen en uzun h\u00fccre ise sinir h\u00fccresidir.
\n\u2022 H\u00fccre 3 k\u0131s\u0131mda incelenir.
\n1) H\u00fccre zar\u0131
\n2) Sitoplazma
\n3) \u00c7ekirdek<\/p>\n
1) H\u00dcCRE ZARI
\n\u2022 Ya\u011f,protein az miktarda karbonhidrattan olu\u015fur.H\u00fccre zar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131 ak\u0131c\u0131-mozaik zar modeli ile a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131r.Bu modele g\u00f6re zar; ya\u011f denizinde y\u00fczen proteinlerden olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.
\n\u2022 Karbonhidratlar h\u00fccre zar\u0131ndaki ya\u011flarla birle\u015ferek glikolipid, proteinlerle birle\u015ferek glikoprotein \u015feklinde bulunur.Bunun sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 avantaj ise h\u00fccrelerin birbirini tan\u0131mas\u0131 ve ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131kt\u0131r.H\u00fccre zar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcll\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc veren kimyasal madde glikoproteindir.Glikolipidi ve glikoproteini golgi sentezler.
\n\u2022 Madde giri\u015f-\u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 proteinler \u00fczerindeki porlardan olur.
\n\u2022 Zar\u0131n \u00f6zellikleri : Canl\u0131d\u0131r,saydamd\u0131r,esnektir ve se\u00e7ici ge\u00e7irgendir.
\n\u2022 Zardaki proteinler enzim g\u00f6revi yapar.
\n\u2022 Zar\u0131n g\u00f6revleri : H\u00fccreyi da\u011f\u0131lmaktan korur.H\u00fccreye \u015fekil verir.H\u00fccreyi d\u0131\u015f etkilerden korur.Madde al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fini sa\u011flar.
\n\u2022 Zar\u0131n se\u00e7ici-ge\u00e7irgen olmas\u0131 onun canl\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir.
\n\u2022 H\u00fccre \u00e7eperi cans\u0131zd\u0131r,esnek de\u011fildir,tam ge\u00e7irgendir.H\u00fccrenin dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131r\u0131r, h\u00fccreye \u015fekil verir.\u00dczerindeki deliklere ge\u00e7it denir.Sel\u00fclozik yap\u0131dad\u0131r.Prokaryot h\u00fccrelerde de bulunur ama yap\u0131s\u0131 sel\u00fclozik de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
2) S\u0130TOPLAZMA
\n\u2022 \u0130ki k\u0131s\u0131md\u0131r.
\na) S\u0131v\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131m:Su,protein,ya\u011f,karbonhidrat,mineral,vitamin, RNA \u00e7e\u015fitleri,n\u00fckleotidler,ATP ve
\nenzimler gibi organik ve inorganik maddelerden olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.
\nG\u00f6revi:
\n1) Biyokimyasal reaksiyonlar i\u00e7in zemin olu\u015fturmak.
\n2) Organellere yatakl\u0131k etmek.
\n3) Rotasyon ve sirk\u00fclasyon hareketleri ile organellerin hareketini sa\u011flamak.
\nb) Organeller:\u00d6zel yap\u0131 ve g\u00f6revi olan sitoplazmik cisimlerdir.<\/p>\n
ENDOPLAZM\u0130K RET\u0130KULUM
\n\u2022 H\u00fccre zar\u0131ndan \u00e7ekirdek zar\u0131na kadar uzanan zarl\u0131 kanallar sistemidir.
\n\u2022 Memeli alyuvar\u0131 hari\u00e7 b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7ekirdekli h\u00fccrelerde bulunur.
\n\u2022 H\u00fccre i\u00e7ine ve d\u0131\u015f\u0131na madde ta\u015f\u0131r.Baz\u0131 maddeleri depolar.(Ca ve protein).\u00c7ekirdek zar\u0131 ve golgiyi yapar.H\u00fccreyi b\u00f6lmelere ay\u0131rarak,sitoplazmadaki asidik ve bazik tepkimelerin birbirini etkilemeden yap\u0131labilmesini sa\u011flar.
\n\u2022 \u00dczerinde ribozom bulunanlar\u0131na gran\u00fcll\u00fc ER; bulundurmayanlara da gran\u00fcls\u00fcz ER denir.
\nGran\u00fcll\u00fc ER enzim salg\u0131layan h\u00fccrelerde,gran\u00fcls\u00fcz ER ya\u011f sentezleyen h\u00fccrelerde \u00e7oktur.<\/p>\n
GOLG\u0130
\n\u2022 \u00c7ekirde\u011fe yak\u0131n bulunur.H\u00fccre zar\u0131 yap\u0131m\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131r.
\n\u2022 Salg\u0131 maddelerin yap\u0131lmas\u0131,paketlenmesi ve salg\u0131lanmas\u0131ndan sorumludur.Onun i\u00e7in s\u00fct bezi, t\u00fckr\u00fck bezi,ter bezi gibi salg\u0131 yapan h\u00fccrelerdeki say\u0131s\u0131 di\u011fer h\u00fccrelerdekilere oranla daha fazlad\u0131r.
\n\u2022 Enzimleri paketliyerek lizozomu olu\u015fturur.H\u00fccre zar\u0131 yap\u0131m\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131r.
\n\u2022 Glikoprotein,lipoprotein,mukus,ba\u011f dokusu ara maddesi ve ayr\u0131ca bitkilerde sel\u00fclozlu maddeler salg\u0131lar.
\n\u2022 Memeli alyuvar\u0131 hari\u00e7 b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7ekirdekli h\u00fccrelerde bulunur.<\/p>\n
L\u0130ZOZOM
\n\u2022 B\u00fcy\u00fck molek\u00fcll\u00fc besinleri par\u00e7alar.Kurba\u011fa larvalar\u0131nda kuyru\u011fun kopmas\u0131,salg\u0131lama d\u00f6nemi biten memelilerde s\u00fct bezlerinin k\u00f6relmesi,pasif kalan kaslar\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclmesi,harap olmu\u015f dokular\u0131n, ya\u015fl\u0131 alyuvarlar\u0131n ve v\u00fccuda giren mikroplar\u0131n yok edilmesi lizozom sayesindedir.
\n\u2022 Fagositoz ve pinositoz yapan h\u00fccrelerde \u00e7oktur.\u00d6RNEK:Akyuvar h\u00fccresi ve tek h\u00fccreliler.
\n\u2022 Lizozom par\u00e7alan\u0131rsa h\u00fccre kendini sindirir.Buna otoliz denir.
\n\u2022 Lizozomun etraf\u0131ndaki zar golgiden olu\u015fur.
\n\u0130\u00e7erisindeki enzimler ribozomlarda \u00fcretilir.
\n\u00dcretilen enzimler ER ile ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r.
\nER ile ta\u015f\u0131nan enzimler golgide paketlenerek lizozom olu\u015fturulur.
\n\u2022 Yani lizozomun olu\u015fmas\u0131nda ribozom,golgi ve ER etkilidir.<\/p>\n
R\u0130BOZOM
\n\u2022 B\u00fct\u00fcn h\u00fccrelerde bulunan en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck organeldir.
\n\u2022 Protein ve rRNA’dan olu\u015fur.\u00c7ekirdek\u00e7ikte \u00fcretilir.
\n\u2022 Zars\u0131zd\u0131r ve iki birimdir.\u00dcst birim(b\u00fcy\u00fck birim) protein,alt birimse(k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck birim) rRNA’dan
\nolu\u015fur.
\n\u2022 Protein ve enzim sentezler.
\n\u2022 Gran\u00fcll\u00fc ER ve \u00e7ekirdek zar\u0131 \u00fczerinde,mitekondri ve kloroplast\u0131n s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131nda ve ayr\u0131ca sitoplazma da bulunabilir.
\n\u2022 Yo\u011fun protein sentezi s\u0131ras\u0131nda yan yana gelerek polizomlar\u0131 olu\u015ftururlar.
\n\u2022 Her canl\u0131da ribozomlar\u0131n farkl\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131n sebebi rRNA’ lar\u0131n farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndand\u0131r.
\n\u2022 Bir h\u00fccrenin canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmesi i\u00e7in mutlaka ribozoma ihtiyac\u0131 vard\u0131r.(Enzimlerden
\ndolay\u0131)
\n\u2022 Enzim salg\u0131layan bez h\u00fccrelerinde say\u0131s\u0131 daha fazlad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
M\u0130TEKONDR\u0130
\n\u2022 \u00c7ift zarl\u0131d\u0131r.\u0130\u00e7 zar k\u0131vr\u0131ml\u0131d\u0131r.K\u0131vr\u0131mlara krista,zarlar\u0131n aras\u0131n\u0131 ve i\u00e7ini dolduran s\u0131v\u0131ya matrix
\ndenir.
\n\u2022 Oksijenli solunum yaparak enerjinin \u00fcretildi\u011fi ve depoland\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerdir.
\n\u2022 Enerji ihtiyac\u0131 fazla olan kas,sinir ve karaci\u011fer gibi h\u00fccrelerde say\u0131s\u0131 daha fazlad\u0131r. Bulunduklar\u0131 h\u00fccreninde enerjiye en \u00e7ok ihtiya\u00e7 olan b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde toplan\u0131rlar.
\n\u00d6RNEK:Sinirlerin sinaps b\u00f6lgelerinde,spermlerin kuyruklar\u0131nda ve kaslar\u0131n kas\u0131lma
\nb\u00f6lgelerinde \u00e7ok bulunur.
\n\u2022 Kendine ait DNA,RNA,ribozom ve ETS’si bulunur.Kendi DNA’s\u0131 olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen h\u00fccre
\nDNA’s\u0131na ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131d\u0131r.
\n\u2022 Bitkilerde mesozom ve klorofil bulundu\u011fundan dolay\u0131 mitekondri miktar\u0131 daha azd\u0131r.
\n\u2022 Prokaryotlarda ve memeli alyuvar\u0131nda bulunmaz.<\/p>\n
SENTROZOM
\n\u2022 Baz\u0131 su yosunu,mantar,hayvan ve insan h\u00fccrelerinde bulunur.
\n\u2022 Sentriol denilen iki alt birimden olu\u015fur.
\n\u2022 H\u00fccre b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda kendini e\u015fleyerek z\u0131t kutuplara \u00e7ekilir ve i\u011f ipliklerinin olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.
\n\u2022 H\u00fccre d\u0131\u015f\u0131na uzanan kirpik,kam\u00e7\u0131,sil gibi yap\u0131lar\u0131 olu\u015fturur.
\n\u2022 Sentrioller dikine duran dokuz \u00e7ift t\u00fcp\u00e7\u00fckten olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n
PLAST\u0130DLER
\n\u2022 Sadece bitki h\u00fccrelerinde bulunan renk maddesidir.3 tiptir.<\/p>\n
a) Kloroplast\u2022 Bitkiye ye\u015fil rengini verir.
\n\u2022 \u00c7ift zarl\u0131d\u0131r.\u0130\u00e7 zar\u0131 katmanl\u0131d\u0131r.Bu katmanlara grana,i\u00e7ini dolduran s\u0131v\u0131ya ise stroma denir.
\n\u2022 Fotosentez yaparak besin \u00fcretir.
\n\u2022 Kendine has DNA,RNA,ribozom ve ETS’si bulunur.
\n\u2022 Granalar i\u00e7inde bitkiye ye\u015fil rengini veren ve fotosentez i\u00e7in gerekli \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 absorbe eden
\nklorofil vard\u0131r.
\n\u2022 B\u00fct\u00fcn bitki h\u00fccrelerinde bulunmaz.\u00d6RNEK:K\u00f6kte.
\nb) Kromoplast
\n\u2022 Bitkilerde meyve ve \u00e7i\u00e7eklerin rengini verir.Likopin(k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131),ksantofil(sar\u0131) ve karoten (turuncu) olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7e\u015fittir.
\n\u2022 Bitkilerde di\u011fer renkler koful \u00f6z suyunun asit veya baz olu\u015funa g\u00f6re renk de\u011fi\u015ftiren
\n“antokyon” denen maddeler ile olu\u015fturulur.
\nc) L\u00f6koplast
\n\u2022 Renksizdir.Genelde k\u00f6k,g\u00f6vde ve tohumda bulunur.
\n\u2022 Ni\u015fasta,ya\u011f ve protein depolar.
\n\u2022 I\u015f\u0131kla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131nca kloroplastlara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
KOFUL
\n\u2022 ER’dan,golgiden,h\u00fccre zar\u0131ndan ve lizozomdan olu\u015fabilir.
\n\u2022 Hayvansal h\u00fccrelerde az ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck,bitkisel h\u00fccrelerde ise gen\u00e7ken k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck,ya\u015fland\u0131k\u00e7a b\u00fcy\u00fcrler.\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc tuzlu art\u0131klar kofullarda biriktirilir.
\n\u2022 H\u00fccre i\u00e7i osmatik bas\u0131n\u00e7 ve pH’\u0131 ayarlar.
\n\u2022 Kofulda bulunan su turgor bas\u0131nc\u0131 olu\u015fturarak h\u00fccreye diklik ve diren\u00e7 verir.
\n\u2022 Metabolizman\u0131n aktiflik derecesini belirler.E\u011fer koful b\u00fcy\u00fck ve sitoplazmada miktar\u0131 \u00e7ok ise
\nmetabolizma yava\u015flar.
\nBesin kofulu : Fagositoz ve pinositozla al\u0131nan besinlerin bir zarla \u00e7evrilmesiyle olu\u015fur.Akyuvarlar mikroplar\u0131 fagositoz ve pinositozla ald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda dolay\u0131,akyuvarlarda daha fazla say\u0131da besin kofulu bulunur.
\nKontraktil (vurgan) koful : Tatl\u0131 su tek h\u00fccrelilerinde bulunan daimi kofuldur.Fazla suyu d\u0131\u015far\u0131
\natar.
\nBo\u015falt\u0131m kofulu : Art\u0131k maddeleri ekzositozla d\u0131\u015far\u0131 atar.<\/p>\n
3) \u00c7EK\u0130RDEK
\n\u2022 H\u00fccreyi y\u00f6netir.H\u00fccre b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesini sa\u011flar.Kal\u0131t\u0131m bilgisini ta\u015f\u0131r.4 b\u00f6l\u00fcmd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
A) \u00c7EK\u0130RDEK ZARI
\n\u2022 \u00c7ift katl\u0131 bir zard\u0131r.
\n\u2022 \u00dczerindeki deliklere por denir.Bunlar h\u00fccre zar\u0131ndaki porlardan daha b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr.
\n\u2022 H\u00fccre b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda kaybolan bu zar\u0131n b\u00f6l\u00fcnmeden sonra yeniden yap\u0131lmas\u0131nda ER
\nve golgi g\u00f6revlidir.<\/p>\n
B) \u00c7EK\u0130RDEK SIVISI
\n\u2022 Homojen g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr.\u0130\u00e7erisinde bol miktarda ATP,n\u00fckleotit,ribozom ve protein bulunur.<\/p>\n
C) \u00c7EK\u0130RDEK\u00c7\u0130K
\n\u2022 Az miktarda DNA,bol miktarda RNA ve protein bulunur.Ribozom sentezi yap\u0131l\u0131r.Bakterilerde
\nyoktur.<\/p>\n
D) KROMAT\u0130N \u0130PL\u0130K
\n\u2022 H\u00fccrede en \u00e7ok bulunan maddedir.
\n\u2022 DNA’n\u0131n kendisi olup kromozomlar\u0131 olu\u015fturur.Kromozomlar DNA ve proteinden olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.
\nKal\u0131tsal karakterleri ta\u015f\u0131r.\u00dcreme ve b\u00fcy\u00fcmeyi sa\u011flar.H\u00fccreyi y\u00f6netir.<\/p>\n
H\u00dcCREDE MADDE ALI\u015eVER\u0130\u015e\u0130
\n\u2022 H\u00fccre zar\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen bir olayd\u0131r.
\n\u2022 Canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n devam\u0131 i\u00e7in gereklidir.
\n\u2022 H\u00fccre zar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7ebilenler :
\nO2,CO2,CO,su,mineraller,glikoz,fruktoz,galaktoz,ya \u011f asidi,gliserol,a.asit,vitamin,alkol
\n\u2022 H\u00fccre zar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7emeyenler :
\nProtein,ya\u011f,karbonhidrat
\n\u2022 4 yolla olur:<\/p>\n
1) D\u0130F\u00dcZYON
\n\u2022 Bir maddenin \u00e7ok oldu\u011fu (yo\u011fun oldu\u011fu) ortamdan az oldu\u011fu ortama (az yo\u011fun ortama) do\u011fru hareket etmesine denir.
\n\u2022 Porlardan ge\u00e7ebilecek b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckteki maddeler dif\u00fczyona u\u011frar.Porlardan b\u00fcy\u00fck maddeler dif\u00fczyon yapamaz.
\n\u2022 Enerji harcanmaz.
\n\u2022 Enzim kullan\u0131lmaz.
\n\u2022 Canl\u0131 ve cans\u0131z ortamda g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir.Canl\u0131l\u0131k delili de\u011fildir.
\n\u2022 Denge sa\u011flanana kadar devam eder ve durur.
\n\u00d6RNEK : Odaya d\u00f6k\u00fclen kolonyan\u0131n her tarafa da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131.Akci\u011ferdeki oksijenin kana ge\u00e7mesi.\u0130nce ba\u011f\u0131rsaktaki glikozun kana ge\u00e7mesi.<\/p>\n
D\u0130F\u00dcZYONU ETK\u0130LEYEN FAKT\u00d6RLER
\n1) K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck molek\u00fcller,b\u00fcy\u00fck molek\u00fcllere g\u00f6re daha kolay ge\u00e7erler.
\n2) N\u00f6tr molek\u00fcller iyonlara g\u00f6re daha kolay ge\u00e7er.\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc zar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f k\u0131sm\u0131 da iyonik yap\u0131dad\u0131r.
\nNegatif iyonlar biraz daha kolay ge\u00e7er.
\n3) Ya\u011fda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnen maddeler de \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnmeyenlere g\u00f6re daha kolay ge\u00e7er.(A,D,E,K vitaminleri)
\n4) Ya\u011f\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zen maddelerde kolay ge\u00e7er.(Alkol ve eter gibi.)
\n5) Por say\u0131s\u0131 ve s\u0131cakl\u0131k artt\u0131k\u00e7a dif\u00fczyon h\u0131z\u0131 da artar.
\n6) \u0130ki ortam aras\u0131ndaki yo\u011funluk fark\u0131 ne kadar \u00e7oksa dif\u00fczyonda o kadar h\u0131zl\u0131 olur.
\n7) Ak\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 fazla olan ortamlarda dif\u00fczyon h\u0131zl\u0131 olur.
\nD\u0130YAL\u0130Z : Suda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f maddelerden baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yar\u0131 ge\u00e7irgen zardan dif\u00fczyonuna denir.B\u00f6brekleri \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmayan insanlarda suni olarak olu\u015fturulan bir ortamla kandaki \u00fcre temizlenir.<\/p>\n
2) OSMOZ
\n\u2022 Suyun dif\u00fczyonudur.Suyun \u00e7ok oldu\u011fu yerden az oldu\u011fu yere ge\u00e7mesidir.<\/p>\n
H\u0130PERTON\u0130K ORTAM(\u00c7OK YO\u011eUN ORTAM)<\/p>\n
\u2022 Bir h\u00fccre kendisinden daha yo\u011fun bir ortama konursa su kaybederek b\u00fcz\u00fcl\u00fcr.Bu olaya
\nplazmoliz denir.\u00d6RNEK : Tuzlanan derinin su kaybederek b\u00fcz\u00fclmesi.<\/p>\n
H\u0130POTON\u0130K ORTAM(AZ YO\u011eUN ORTAM)<\/p>\n
\u2022 Bir h\u00fccre kendisinden daha az yo\u011fun bir ortama konursa su alarak \u015fi\u015fer.Bu olaya deplazmoliz denir.
\n\u2022 Bitki h\u00fccrelerinde deplazmoliz devam ederse h\u00fccre \u015fi\u015fer ve turgor durumuna ge\u00e7er.
\n\u2022 Hayvan h\u00fccrelerinde deplazmoliz devam ederse h\u00fccre patlar.Buna hemoliz denir.<\/p>\n
\u0130ZOTON\u0130K ORTAM(DENGE ORTAM)<\/p>\n
\u2022 Bir h\u00fccre izotonik bir ortama konursa hi\u00e7bir de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe u\u011framaz.<\/p>\n
OSMAT\u0130K BASIN\u00c7<\/p>\n
\u2022 H\u00fccre i\u00e7erisindeki \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f maddenin h\u00fccre zar\u0131na yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bas\u0131n\u00e7t\u0131r.Yada (etki=tepkiye
\ng\u00f6re)h\u00fccre d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki suyun yo\u011funluk fark\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 h\u00fccre i\u00e7erisine girmek i\u00e7in zarlara
\nyapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bas\u0131n\u00e7t\u0131r.
\n\u2022 \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f madde miktar\u0131 (h\u00fccrenin yo\u011funlu\u011fu) artt\u0131k\u00e7a osmatik bas\u0131n\u00e7 artar.<\/p>\n
TURGOR BASINCI<\/p>\n
\u2022 H\u00fccre i\u00e7erisindeki suyun h\u00fccre zar\u0131na (yada \u00e7epere) yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bas\u0131n\u00e7t\u0131r.
\n\u2022 Kofullar taraf\u0131ndan ayarlan\u0131r.
\n\u2022 Turgor \u00e7ok artarsa su giri\u015fi durur.
\n\u2022 Turgor, otsu bitki ve yapraklar\u0131n dik durmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.
\n\u2022 Turgor, stomalar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131p kapanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.
\n\u2022 Turgor, baz\u0131 nasti(\u0131rgan\u0131m) hareketlerini sa\u011flar.
\n\u2022 Suyun hareketi daima O.B’ \u0131n fazla oldu\u011fu yere do\u011frudur.<\/p>\n
3) AKT\u0130F TA\u015eIMA<\/p>\n
\u2022 Bir maddenin az oldu\u011fu yerden \u00e7ok oldu\u011fu yere ge\u00e7mesidir.
\n\u2022 Porlardan ge\u00e7ebilecek b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckteki maddeler aktif ta\u015f\u0131ma ile ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r.
\n\u2022 Enzim kullan\u0131l\u0131r.
\n\u2022 Enerji harcan\u0131r.
\n\u2022 Sadece canl\u0131 h\u00fccrelerde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\n\u2022 Denge yoktur.
\n\u2022 Ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 molek\u00fcller kullan\u0131l\u0131r.
\n\u00d6RNEK:\u0130nce ba\u011f\u0131rsaktaki glikozun kana ge\u00e7mesi.B\u00f6brekteki geri emilim.<\/p>\n
NOT 1 : H\u00fccre zar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7ebilecek b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckteki bir maddenin miktar\u0131 h\u00fccre i\u00e7i ile h\u00fccre
\nd\u0131\u015f\u0131 aras\u0131nda farkl\u0131l\u0131k olu\u015fturuyorsa burada aktif ta\u015f\u0131ma var demektir.
\nNOT 2 : S\u0131cakl\u0131k art\u0131\u015f\u0131,molek\u00fcl\u00fcn al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131rmaz.<\/p>\n
4) ENDOS\u0130TOZ VE EKZOS\u0130TOZ
\n\u2022 H\u00fccre zar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7emeyecek b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckteki maddelerin olu\u015fturulan ceplerle i\u00e7eri al\u0131nmas\u0131na endositoz;yine ayn\u0131 yolla d\u0131\u015far\u0131 at\u0131lmas\u0131na ekzositoz denir.
\n\u2022 H\u00fccre zar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7emeyecek b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckteki kat\u0131 maddelerin i\u00e7eri al\u0131nmas\u0131na fagositoz;s\u0131v\u0131 maddelerin i\u00e7eri al\u0131nmas\u0131na pinositoz denir.<\/p>\n
ENDOS\u0130TOZUN \u00d6ZELL\u0130KLER\u0130
\n\u2022 Enerji harcan\u0131r.
\n\u2022 Enzim kullan\u0131l\u0131r.
\n\u2022 H\u00fccre zar\u0131 azal\u0131r.H\u00fccrenin i\u00e7eri\u011fi artar.
\n\u2022 H\u00fccreye al\u0131nan bu b\u00fcy\u00fck maddeler lizozomdaki ve besin kofulundaki h\u00fccre i\u00e7i enzimlerle par\u00e7alan\u0131r.
\n\u2022 Tek h\u00fccrelilerde ve akyuvarlar da \u00e7ok g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\n\u2022 Canl\u0131l\u0131k delilidir.
\n\u2022 Denge yoktur.
\n\u2022 Bitki h\u00fccrelerinde ve di\u011fer \u00e7eperi olan h\u00fccrelerde g\u00f6r\u00fclmez.<\/p>\n
EKZOS\u0130TOZUN \u00d6ZELL\u0130KLER\u0130
\n\u2022 Enerji harcan\u0131r.
\n\u2022 Enzim kullan\u0131l\u0131r.
\n\u2022 H\u00fccre zar\u0131 artar.H\u00fccrenin i\u00e7eri\u011fi azal\u0131r.
\n\u2022 Canl\u0131l\u0131k delilidir.
\n\u2022 Denge yoktur.
\n\u2022 Bo\u015falt\u0131m kofulu ve golgi yard\u0131m\u0131yla at\u0131l\u0131r.
\n\u2022 Bitki ve hayvan h\u00fccrelerinde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
NOT 3 : Tatl\u0131 sularda ya\u015fayan bir h\u00fccrelilerde fazla suyu d\u0131\u015far\u0131 atan kontraktil koful
\nbulunur.H\u00fccre i\u00e7erisindeki fazla suyun nedeni suyun osmozla i\u00e7eri girmesidir.<\/p>\n
NOT 4 : Bir bitki h\u00fccresinin turgor durumuna ge\u00e7mesinde a)Ortam\u0131n yo\u011funlu\u011fu
\nb)H\u00fccre i\u00e7indeki madde yo\u011funlu\u011fu c)\u00c7eperin sel\u00fclozdan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 etkilidir.<\/p>\n
NOT 5 : Endositoz ve ekzositozda yo\u011funluk fark\u0131 yoktur.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
H\u00dcCRE H\u00fccre teorisi: 1)B\u00fct\u00fcn canl\u0131lar h\u00fccrelerden meydana gelmi\u015ftir. 2)H\u00fccreler ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z hareket ettikleri halde birlikte i\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcrler. 3)H\u00fccreler b\u00f6l\u00fcnerek \u00e7o\u011fal\u0131rlar. \u2022 Tek h\u00fccrelilerde b\u00fct\u00fcn olaylar h\u00fccre i\u00e7erisinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.\u0130\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ve doku olu\u015fumu yoktur.\u00c7ok h\u00fccrelilerde b\u00fct\u00fcn olaylar h\u00fccre gruplar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ile olur. \u2022 En basit \u00e7ok h\u00fccreli yada en karma\u015f\u0131k tek h\u00fccreli Volvox\u2019 tur. \u2022 …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[2504,2287,2532,2535,2540,2541,2305,2508,2530,2531,2538,2536,2533,2537,2539,2303,2289,2534,2483,2113,2542],"class_list":["post-843","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-atp","tag-bakteriler","tag-cekirdek","tag-enzimler","tag-fruktoz","tag-galaktoz","tag-glikoz","tag-gliserol","tag-hucre","tag-hucre-zari","tag-koful","tag-kromoplast","tag-lizozom","tag-lokoplast","tag-mineraller","tag-protein","tag-rna","tag-rrna","tag-sitoplazma","tag-yag","tag-yag-asidi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/843","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=843"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/843\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=843"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=843"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=843"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}