\n Kal\u0131t\u0131mla \u0130lgili Kavramlar<\/p>\n
*Fenotip:Canl\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fcd\u00fcr.\u00d6rne\u011fin bir bireyin rengi,\u015fekli,b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc,davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve kimyasal yap\u0131s\u0131 gibi. <\/p>\n
*Genotip:Bir canl\u0131n\u0131n sahip oldu\u011fu genlerin toplam\u0131d\u0131r.Genotip sembollerle (harflerle) g\u00f6sterilir.
\n\u00d6rne\u011fin;Kahverengi G\u00f6zl\u00fc veya Ye\u015fil G\u00f6zl\u00fc olmak fenotipi belirtir.
\nKahverengi g\u00f6zl\u00fc bir insan\u0131n KK veya Kk
\nYe\u015fil g\u00f6zl\u00fc bir insan\u0131n kk’s\u0131 onun genotipini belirler.<\/p>\n
Genotipin sembolik g\u00f6sterimindede g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi canl\u0131da g\u00f6r\u00fclen bir karekter i\u00e7in iki gen bulunur.Bu gen \u00e7iftlerinden her birine alel gen denir.<\/p>\n
*Homozigot(ar\u0131 d\u00f6l):Bir \u00f6zellik i\u00e7in anne ve babadan ayn\u0131 genleri alan birey,o \u00f6zellik y\u00f6n\u00fcnden homozigottur.Yani ayn\u0131 alel genden olu\u015fan karakterler homozigottur.(KK,kk)<\/p>\n
*Heterezigot(melez):Bir \u00f6zllik i\u00e7in anne ve babadan farkl\u0131 alel genleri alan birey ,o \u00f6zellik y\u00f6n\u00fcnden heterozigottur.(Kk)<\/p>\n
*\u00c7ekinik(resesif) Gen:Yanl\u0131z homozigot durumda kendini g\u00f6steren gendir.K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck harfle g\u00f6sterilir.Fenotipte g\u00f6r\u00fclme s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 azd\u0131r.<\/p>\n
*Bask\u0131n (Dominant) Gen:Hem homorozigot hemde heterezigot durumda fenotipte kendini g\u00f6steren gendir.B\u00fcy\u00fck harfle g\u00f6sterilir. <\/p>\n
Geli\u015fime Kal\u0131t\u0131m ve \u00c7evrenin Etkisi<\/p>\n
Bir bireyin ne olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kal\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 ve \u00e7evresi belirler.Her iki fakt\u00f6rde geli\u015fmenin her basama\u011f\u0131nda canl\u0131 \u00fczerinde etkisini g\u00f6sterir.Farkl\u0131 ortamlarda bir canl\u0131n\u0131n fenotipi de\u011fi\u015febilir.Bu de\u011fi\u015fiklik kal\u0131tsal de\u011fildir.\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu s\u0131rada genler de\u011fi\u015fmez ,sadece genlerin i\u015fleyi\u015fi de\u011fi\u015fir.\u00c7evre fakt\u00f6rlerinin (s\u0131cakl\u0131k,\u0131\u015f\u0131k,nem,besin…) canl\u0131n\u0131n fenotipinde meydana getirdi\u011fi de\u011fi\u015fikliklere modifikasyon demi\u015ftik.Canl\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fclen \u00f6zellikleri (fenotipi) kal\u0131t\u0131m ve \u00e7evrenin etkisi alt\u0131ndad\u0131r.Bunu bir \u00f6rnekle a\u00e7\u0131klarsak ;himalaya tipi tav\u015fanlar\u0131n do\u011fal k\u00fcrk rengi beyaz fakat ayaklar\u0131 ve kuyruklar\u0131 siyaht\u0131r.Himalaya tav\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131n beyaz k\u00fcrk\u00fc tra\u015f edilip so\u011fu\u011fa b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131rsa v\u00fccudunda siyah renkli k\u0131llar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.Bu \u00f6rnektende anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 gibi kal\u0131t\u0131mda \u00e7evrede bireyin g\u00f6zlenen \u00f6zellikleridir.<\/p>\n
\u00c7evreden etkilenmeyen kal\u0131tsal karakterlerde vard\u0131r.\u00d6rne\u011fin kan grubu,renk k\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc,kulak memesinin yap\u0131\u015f\u0131k veya serbest olmas\u0131 gibi. <\/p>\n
DO\u011eAL SELEKS\u0130YON VE EVR\u0130M<\/p>\n
Bir t\u00fcrdeki canl\u0131lar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcmeyle geometrik dizi \u015feklinde artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde do\u011fadaki say\u0131lar\u0131 sabit kal\u0131r.Bunun nedeni \u00e7evre ve kal\u0131t\u0131md\u0131r.Ya\u015famsal faliyetler i\u00e7in gerekli olan besin,bar\u0131nak,su,\u0131\u015f\u0131k gibi \u00e7evre fakt\u00f6rleri,canl\u0131lar aras\u0131nda ya\u015fama sava\u015f\u0131na neden olur.Bu sava\u015fta ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olanlar ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcr.Ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamayanlarsa \u00f6l\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
H.B.D.Kettlewell(ketvel)\u00e7evreye ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak g\u00fcve keleklerinde nas\u0131l de\u011fi\u015fim oldu\u011funu 1950’li y\u0131llarda a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.1800’l\u00fc y\u0131llar\u0131n ortas\u0131na kadar ortamdaki g\u00fcve kelebekleri a\u00e7\u0131k renkliydi.A\u011fa\u00e7 g\u00f6vdeleride a\u00e7\u0131k renkliydi ve likenlerle kapl\u0131yd\u0131.B\u00f6yle bir ortamda a\u00e7\u0131k renkli g\u00fcve kelebeklerinin ku\u015flar taraf\u0131ndan fark edilip avlanmas\u0131 zordu.Sanayi devrimiyle birlikte,kirlili\u011fe duyarl\u0131 likenler,ortadan kalkm\u0131\u015f,a\u011fa\u00e7 g\u00f6vdeleri is ve kurumla kaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u0130ngiltere’nin Manchester b\u00f6lgesinde bu g\u00fcve kelebeklerinin ilk siyah renkli kelebe\u011fi 1848 y\u0131l\u0131nda yakalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.1895 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011findeyse bu g\u00fcve kelebeklerinin %98’i siyah renkli bireylerden olu\u015fmaktayd\u0131.Bu \u00e7evre \u015fartlar\u0131na uyum sa\u011flayan g\u00fcve kelebeklerinin ya\u015fama \u015fans\u0131 artarken ,di\u011ferlerinki ise azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Her t\u00fcr\u00fcn bireyleri aras\u0131nda mutasyonlar sonucu bir tak\u0131m de\u011fi\u015fmeler olur.Mutasyonlar sonucu de\u011fi\u015fime u\u011frayan canl\u0131lardan ortam ko\u015fullar\u0131na uyanlar\u0131n ya\u015fama \u015fans\u0131 artar.\u00d6rne\u011fin;DDT ad\u0131 verilen ziraat ilac\u0131n\u0131n ilk kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131llarda hemen hemen b\u00fct\u00fcn b\u00f6cekler \u00f6ld\u00fc.Ancak \u00e7ok az bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ,kal\u0131tsal \u00f6zelliklerinden dolay\u0131 zarar g\u00f6rmediler.Bu \u00f6zellikteki b\u00f6ceklerin say\u0131s\u0131 zamanla artt\u0131.<\/p>\n
Canl\u0131lar\u0131n ya\u015fama \u015fans\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7evre belirler.Ya\u015fan\u0131lan ortama uyum sa\u011flayan canl\u0131lar o ortamda ya\u015fayabilir.Uyum sa\u011flayamayanlarsa yok olur.Bu olaya do\u011fal seleksiyon denir.<\/p>\n
\u00c7e\u015fitli y\u00f6ntemlerle insanlar\u0131n yarar\u0131 i\u00e7in daha verimli bitki ve hayvan \u0131rklar\u0131n\u0131n elde edilmesinde uygulanan se\u00e7ilime yapay seleksiyon denir.Uzun y\u0131llar \u00f6nce ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f canl\u0131lardan,mutasyonlar ve do\u011fal seleksiyonlar sonunda de\u011fi\u015ferek bug\u00fcn ya\u015fayan canl\u0131lar\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131na evrimle\u015fme denir.Evrim teorisi,t\u00fcrlerin uzun bir zaman s\u00fcreci i\u00e7erisinde kal\u0131tsal y\u00f6nden farkl\u0131la\u015farak ortam ko\u015fullar\u0131na uyum sa\u011flayan yeni t\u00fcrlerin olu\u015ftu\u011funu savunur.Lamarck sonradan kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f,kal\u0131tsal olmayan karakterlerin gelecek ku\u015faklara aktar\u0131lmas\u0131 yoluyla evrimle\u015fme oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.Do\u011fal seleksiyon yoluyla evrimle\u015fme olay\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini savunan ilk bilim adam\u0131 ise Charles Darwin’dir.Darwin’e g\u00f6re mutasyonlar sonucunda yeni karakterler kazanm\u0131\u015f olan canl\u0131lardan \u00e7evre ko\u015fullar\u0131na uyum g\u00f6sterenler ya\u015farken uyum g\u00f6steremeyenler ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcremeyerek ortadan kalkarlar.<\/p>\n
LAMARCK’A G\u00d6RE: <\/p>\n
Eskiden z\u00fcrafalar\u0131n boyunlar\u0131 k\u0131sayd\u0131.A\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n yaprakar\u0131na yeti\u015febilmek i\u00e7in s\u0131k s\u0131k boyunlar\u0131n\u0131 uzat\u0131yorlard\u0131.Bu nedenle boyunlar\u0131 gittik\u00e7e uzad\u0131.Bunlar\u0131n yavrular\u0131n\u0131n boyunlar\u0131 daha uzundu.Bunlarda besin sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in boyunlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131k s\u0131k uzat\u0131yorlard\u0131.Boyunun s\u0131k s\u0131k uzamas\u0131,bug\u00fcn ya\u015fayan z\u00fcrafalar\u0131n boyunlar\u0131n\u0131n uzun olmas\u0131 ile sonu\u00e7land\u0131.<\/p>\n
DARW\u0130N’E G\u00d6RE:<\/p>\n
Eskiden z\u00fcrafalar\u0131 boyunlar\u0131 farkl\u0131 uzunluklardayd\u0131.Bu farkl\u0131l\u0131k kal\u0131tsal yap\u0131lardan kaynaklan\u0131yordu.Do\u011fal seleksiyon sonucunda uzun boyunlu olanlar hayatta kald\u0131.K\u0131sa boyunlu olanlar ise ya\u015fayamad\u0131.En sonunda,yaln\u0131zca uzun boyunlu z\u00fcrafalar hayatta kalabildi ve bunlar \u00e7o\u011falarak gelecek ku\u015faklarda uzun boyunlu z\u00fcrafalar\u0131n ortamda yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131na neden oldular.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Kal\u0131t\u0131mla \u0130lgili Kavramlar *Fenotip:Canl\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fcd\u00fcr.\u00d6rne\u011fin bir bireyin rengi,\u015fekli,b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc,davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve kimyasal yap\u0131s\u0131 gibi. *Genotip:Bir canl\u0131n\u0131n sahip oldu\u011fu genlerin toplam\u0131d\u0131r.Genotip sembollerle (harflerle) g\u00f6sterilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin;Kahverengi G\u00f6zl\u00fc veya Ye\u015fil G\u00f6zl\u00fc olmak fenotipi belirtir. Kahverengi g\u00f6zl\u00fc bir insan\u0131n KK veya Kk Ye\u015fil g\u00f6zl\u00fc bir insan\u0131n kk’s\u0131 onun genotipini belirler. Genotipin sembolik g\u00f6sterimindede g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi canl\u0131da g\u00f6r\u00fclen bir karekter i\u00e7in …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[2581,2577,2579,2578,2576,2580],"class_list":["post-858","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-dominant","tag-fenotip","tag-heterezigot","tag-homozigot","tag-kalitim","tag-resesif"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/858","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=858"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/858\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=858"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=858"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=858"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}