\n Bu hareketler dar zamanda, dar olaylar olarak belirir ve tabakalar\u0131n duru\u015funu bozarlar. Hareketler yatay ve dikey olmak \u00fczere iki y\u00f6nde geli\u015fir. Genellikle, yatay (tanjansiyal) hareketler k\u0131vr\u0131lma ve k\u0131vr\u0131m da\u011flar\u0131na, dikey hareketler de (radial) k\u0131vr\u0131lma ve k\u0131r\u0131k da\u011flar\u0131na yer verirler. Bununla birlikte, bu iki gurup aras\u0131nda kesin bir s\u0131n\u0131r \u00e7izmek olanaks\u0131zd\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, sert tabakalarda k\u0131r\u0131lma olurken, hemen yan\u0131ndaki yumu\u015fak tortullar k\u0131vr\u0131labilir. Bu nedenle k\u0131vr\u0131m ve k\u0131r\u0131k da\u011flar\u0131 birbirinin i\u00e7ine girmi\u015f olarak da uzan\u0131rlar. Di\u011fer bir \u00f6zellik de, yatay ve dikey hareketlerin ayn\u0131 anda olu\u015fmalar\u0131 ya da birbiri ard\u0131nca gelmeleridir.<\/p>\n
Yatay ve dikey hareketler sonucunda olu\u015fan, k\u0131vr\u0131lma ve k\u0131r\u0131k da\u011flar\u0131 yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn \u201c\u00d6z Yap\u0131\u201d y\u00fczeyini olu\u015ftururlar. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da i\u015fleyece\u011fimiz yerkabu\u011fu yaylanmalar\u0131 (epirojenik hareketler) ile da\u011f olu\u015fumu (orojenik) hareketinin ikisine birden yer kabu\u011funun yer sanat\u0131 (tektonik) \u00f6z yap\u0131 y\u00fczeyini (str\u00fckt\u00fcr) olu\u015fturur. D\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7ler bu y\u00fczeyi i\u015fler, de\u011fi\u015ftirir ve kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc yer \u015fekilleri do\u011fururlar. Da\u011f olu\u015fumu hareketleri iki yap\u0131 bi\u00e7imi olu\u015ftururlar: K\u0131vr\u0131lma ve K\u0131r\u0131lma.<\/p>\n
1.K\u0131vr\u0131lma Ve K\u0131r\u0131lma Da\u011flar\u0131
\n Jeolojik devirler boyunca i\u00e7 g\u00fc\u00e7lerin olu\u015fturduklar\u0131 kabar\u0131klar, yine jeolojik devirler boyunca yine d\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7ler boyunca a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rlar. Kabar\u0131kl\u0131klar a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131la a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131la dalgal\u0131 bir d\u00fczl\u00fck durumuna gelir. Bu dalgal\u0131 d\u00fczl\u00fc\u011fe, \u201cYontukd\u00fcz (Peneplen)\u201d ad\u0131 verilir. Yontula yontula d\u00fczle\u015fmi\u015f arazi demektir. Tortullar derin deniz diplerindeki tortulanma alanlar\u0131na (jeosenklinallerde) biriktirilirler. Bazen de yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki \u00e7ukurluklarda ve g\u00f6l \u00e7anaklar\u0131nda tortulan\u0131rlar. Yeniden a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rma, ta\u015f\u0131ma ve biriktirmelerle \u00e7anaklar dolar.Yer y\u00fcz\u00fc \u00e7ukurlu\u011fu d\u00fczle\u015fir, deniz ya da g\u00f6l\u00fcn derinli\u011fi azal\u0131r. Kimi zaman deniz ya da g\u00f6l\u00fcn o b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc ile dolarak karala\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Tortullarla dolu olan bir tortulanma \u00e7ana\u011f\u0131, dengesini yitirmi\u015f ve birbirine yakla\u015fan iki yer kabu\u011fu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc (\u015fole) aras\u0131nda kalacak olursa; s\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Ba\u015fka bir s\u00f6zle, yan bas\u0131n\u00e7lara u\u011fray\u0131nca hacmi daral\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7indeki yumu\u015fak tortullar daralan bu yere s\u0131\u011fmayarak k\u0131vr\u0131l\u0131r ve su y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kar. Bu olaya k\u0131vr\u0131lma, olu\u015fan da\u011flara da k\u0131vr\u0131m da\u011flar\u0131 denir.<\/p>\n
Tortulanma \u00e7anaklar\u0131n\u0131n su alt\u0131nda ya da yer y\u00fcz\u00fcnde olma \u00f6zelli\u011fine g\u00f6re, k\u0131vr\u0131lma iki bi\u00e7imde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Ger\u00e7ek k\u0131vr\u0131lma ve b\u00fck\u00fclme. Su alt\u0131 tortulanma \u00e7anaklar\u0131nda da yan bas\u0131n\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00f6zelli\u011fine g\u00f6re, \u00e7e\u015fitli k\u0131vr\u0131lma bi\u00e7imleri olu\u015fur. Bunlar da genel olarak d\u00fczg\u00fcn k\u0131vr\u0131lma ve d\u00fczensiz k\u0131vr\u0131lma diye iki grupta toplan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
a-D\u00fczg\u00fcn K\u0131vr\u0131lma:
\n Tortulanma \u00e7ana\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kenarlar\u0131na yap\u0131lan bas\u0131n\u00e7 e\u015fit de\u011ferlerde ise, tabakalar d\u00fczg\u00fcn olarak k\u0131vr\u0131l\u0131r. Tabaka ya da k\u0131vr\u0131m da\u011f\u0131 kabar\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00e7ukurlu\u011fu olu\u015fur. K\u0131vr\u0131m da\u011f\u0131 ya da k\u0131vr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f tabakadaki kabar\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa (kemerle\u015fmeye) \u201cAntiklinal\u201d, \u00e7ukurlu\u011fa (olukla\u015fm\u0131\u015f) da \u201cSenklinal\u201d adlar\u0131 verilir.<\/p>\n
b-D\u00fczensiz K\u0131vr\u0131lmalar:
\n Tortulanma \u00e7ana\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kenarlar\u0131na yap\u0131lan bas\u0131n\u00e7lar e\u015fit de\u011ferlerde de\u011fil ise, \u201cD\u00fczesiz\u201d k\u0131vr\u0131lma olur. Bas\u0131nc\u0131n \u00e7ok oldu\u011fu yandaki tortullar, bas\u0131nc\u0131n az oldu\u011fu yandaki tortullar\u0131n \u00fczerine e\u011filir, devrilir, biner ya da o tabakalar\u0131n \u00fczerine a\u015far. Bas\u0131n\u00e7 de\u011ferleri ayr\u0131cal\u0131k \u00e7ok de\u011filse, bas\u0131nc\u0131n \u00e7ok geldi\u011fi yandaki tabakalar az geldi\u011fi yandaki tabakalara do\u011fru e\u011filir ki, buna \u201cE\u011fri K\u0131vr\u0131m\u201d denir. Bas\u0131n\u00e7 ayr\u0131cal\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7o\u011fald\u0131k\u00e7a, tabalar devrilir \u201cDevrik K\u0131vr\u0131m\u201d, birbiri \u00fczerine biner \u201cBinmi\u015f K\u0131vr\u0131m\u201d, biri di\u011feri \u00fczerine a\u015far \u201cA\u015fm\u0131\u015f K\u0131vr\u0131m (\u015earyajl\u0131 K\u0131vr\u0131lma)\u201d bi\u00e7imleri olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n
c-B\u00fck\u00fclme (Fleks\u00fcr):
\n Kat\u0131 yer kabu\u011funun \u00e7ukurluklar\u0131nda birikmi\u015f olan tortullar yan bas\u0131n\u00e7larla etkilenirse, Herhangi bir yerinden b\u00fck\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu olaya b\u00fck\u00fclme, olu\u015fan \u015fekle b\u00fck\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f tabakalar (fleks\u00fcr) ve b\u00fck\u00fclme sonucu olu\u015fan basama\u011fa b\u00fck\u00fclme basma\u011f\u0131 denir. B\u00fck\u00fclmede tabakalar s\u00fcreklidir. Tabakalarda k\u0131r\u0131lma y\u0131rt\u0131lma olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bas\u0131n\u00e7 etkisi ile tabakalar\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da kalm\u0131\u015f ve aralar\u0131ndaki bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm b\u00fck\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bir y\u00f6rede b\u00fck\u00fckl\u00fc yap\u0131 \u00e7ok yer tutarsa, buraya b\u00fck\u00fckl\u00fc y\u00f6re ad\u0131 verilir.<\/p>\n
K\u0131vr\u0131m b\u00f6lgelerinde ve k\u0131vr\u0131m da\u011flar\u0131nda k\u0131vr\u0131lma bi\u00e7imlerinin hepsi bir arada ve birbirinin i\u00e7ine girmi\u015f olarak bulunur. l. Jeolojik Devirde olu\u015fan Kaledoniyen, Hersiniyen ve lll. Jeolojik Devirde olu\u015fan Alp-Himalaya sistemlerine ba\u011fl\u0131 da\u011flar, k\u0131vr\u0131m da\u011flar\u0131 olarak olu\u015fmu\u015flard\u0131r. Ancak, zaman\u0131m\u0131z k\u0131vr\u0131m da\u011flar\u0131 yaln\u0131z Alpin (Alp-Himalaya) olu\u015fumlar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130leride g\u00f6r\u00fclebilece\u011fi gibi, Kaledoniyen ve Hersiniyen olu\u015fumlar\u0131 k\u0131vr\u0131m da\u011flar\u0131 \u00f6zelli\u011fini yitirerek, zaman\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n k\u0131r\u0131k da\u011flar\u0131 \u00f6zelli\u011fini kazanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Gen\u00e7 k\u0131vr\u0131m da\u011flar\u0131 olan Alpin sistem olu\u015fumlar\u0131, yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde B\u00fcy\u00fck Okyanus\u2019u \u00e7evreleyecek bi\u00e7imde ve b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u201cH\u201d harfi \u00e7izerek uzan\u0131r.
\n KIVRIM DA\u011e OLU\u015eUMU <\/p>\n
2.K\u0131r\u0131lma Ve K\u0131r\u0131k Da\u011flar\u0131
\n K\u0131vr\u0131lma olay\u0131 yatay y\u00f6nde yerkabu\u011fu hareketleri sonucu olu\u015furken, k\u0131r\u0131lma olay\u0131 dikey y\u00f6nl\u00fc hareketler sonucu olu\u015fur. Ancak, k\u0131r\u0131lman\u0131n olabilmesi i\u00e7in dikey y\u00f6ndeki hareket yeterli de\u011fildir. Bu hareketle etkilenen tabakalar\u0131n k\u0131vr\u0131lamayacak kadar sert (berk, rijit) olmas\u0131 gereklidir. Eski yerkabu\u011fu olu\u015fumlar\u0131 bir yandan d\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7lerle a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p yontukd\u00fcz durumuna getirilirken, bir yandan da tabakalar\u0131 olu\u015fturan ta\u015flar, ba\u015fkala\u015fma gibi etkenlerle, sertle\u015fir. \u0130\u015fte, yontukd\u00fcz durumuna gelmi\u015f ve sertle\u015fmi\u015f tabakalar dikey y\u00f6nl\u00fc bas\u0131n\u00e7lar\u0131n etkisinde kal\u0131nca, daha \u00f6nce k\u0131vr\u0131l\u0131p sertle\u015ferek k\u0131vr\u0131lma \u00f6zelli\u011fini yitirdi\u011fi i\u00e7in, yer yer k\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r, \u00e7\u00f6ker ve y\u00fckselir. Bu olaya k\u0131r\u0131lma ve k\u0131r\u0131lma sonucu olu\u015fan da\u011flara da \u201cK\u0131r\u0131k Da\u011flar\u0131\u201d denir. K\u0131r\u0131lmalarla olu\u015fan yery\u00fcz\u00fc \u00e7atlaklar\u0131na da \u201cFay\u201d ad\u0131 verilir.<\/p>\n
K\u0131r\u0131lmalarla k\u0131r\u0131k basamaklar\u0131nda olu\u015fur. K\u0131r\u0131k basamaklar\u0131 da tabakalar\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc k\u0131r\u0131k \u00e7izgisi boyunca y\u00fcksekte kal\u0131rken bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc al\u00e7akta kal\u0131r. K\u0131rk \u00e7izgisi boyunca kayan tabaka b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinin her birine \u201ck\u0131r\u0131\u011f\u0131n kanad\u0131\u201d denir. Y\u00fcksekte kalana \u201cyukar\u0131 giden\u201d, al\u00e7akta kalana \u201calta giden\u201d kanat ad\u0131 verilir. K\u0131r\u0131\u011f\u0131n kanatlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki basamak, \u201ck\u0131r\u0131k basama\u011f\u0131d\u0131r\u201d. \u0130ki kanat aras\u0131ndaki y\u00fckseklik ayr\u0131cal\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ka\u00e7 metreden, binlerce metreye kadar olabilir. K\u0131r\u0131lmalara u\u011fram\u0131\u015f bir b\u00f6lgede, k\u0131r\u0131k \u00e7izgileri ya birbirlerine paralel olarak ya da birbirlerini belirli a\u00e7\u0131larla kesecek bi\u00e7imde uzan\u0131rlar ve k\u0131r\u0131k a\u011flar\u0131 olu\u015ftururlar. K\u0131r\u0131k basamaklar\u0131nda, tabakalar s\u00fcreksizdir. K\u0131r\u0131lma ve y\u0131rt\u0131lmalara u\u011fram\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Basama\u011f\u0131n yukar\u0131 giden y\u00fczeyi, s\u00fcrt\u00fcnme etkisi ile, parlar. Buraya fay aynas\u0131 denir. <\/p>\n
Sertle\u015fmi\u015f yontukd\u00fczler bas\u0131n\u00e7larla etkilenince, yery\u00fcz\u00fc \u00e7atlaklar\u0131 boyunca \u00fc\u00e7 durum olu\u015fur:<\/p>\n
a-Bas\u0131n\u00e7 etkisinde kalan tabakalar b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc ile y\u00fckselir. Ancak, kimi yari \u00e7ok, kimi yeri az y\u00fckselir. K\u0131r\u0131lma ve k\u0131r\u0131k basamaklar\u0131 olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n
b-Bas\u0131n\u00e7 etkisi ile sert tabakalar b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc ile al\u00e7al\u0131r. Ancak, kimi yeri \u00e7ok, kimi yeri az \u00e7\u00f6ker. K\u0131r\u0131lma ve k\u0131r\u0131k basamaklar\u0131 olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n
c-Bas\u0131n\u00e7 etkisinde kalan sert tabakalar\u0131n kimi teri y\u00fckselirken, kimi yeri \u00e7\u00f6ker. K\u0131r\u0131lma ve k\u0131r\u0131k basamaklar\u0131 olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n
Her \u00fc\u00e7 durumda da k\u0131r\u0131klarla \u00e7evrili y\u00fckseklikler ve \u00e7ukurluklar do\u011far. Yerkabu\u011fu \u00e7atlaklar\u0131 ile \u00e7evrili y\u00fcksekliklere \u201cHorst\u201d, \u00e7ukurluklara \u201cGraben (\u00c7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc Hende\u011fi)\u201d ad\u0131 verilir. Bir k\u0131r\u0131k b\u00f6lgesinde ya da k\u0131r\u0131k da\u011flar\u0131nda horst ve gabenler birbirini izler. Ancak, horst ve grabenler birbirine e\u015fit geni\u015flikte olabilece\u011fi gibi, geni\u015f horstlar dar grabenler ve dar horstlar geni\u015f grabenler de olu\u015fabilir. <\/p>\n
K\u0131r\u0131lma olaylar\u0131 genellikle sertle\u015fmi\u015f eski k\u00fctleler bas\u0131n\u00e7lara u\u011fray\u0131nca olu\u015fur. Zaman\u0131m\u0131zda, yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn ilk karalar\u0131 olan k\u0131ta \u00e7ekirdekleri l. Jeolojik Devrin kaledoniyen ve hersiniyen olu\u015fumlar\u0131 k\u0131r\u0131lmalara ve k\u0131r\u0131k da\u011flar\u0131na yer verirler. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu olu\u015fumlar \u00f6nce k\u0131vr\u0131lm\u0131\u015flar, a\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015flar ve sertle\u015fmi\u015flerdir. Alpin hareketleri ve tektonik hareketler s\u0131ras\u0131nda yeniden bas\u0131n\u00e7 etkisinde kal\u0131nca, yer yer k\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015flar, y\u00fckselmi\u015fler ve \u00e7\u00f6km\u00fc\u015flerdir. K\u0131rk b\u00f6lgeleri ve k\u0131r\u0131lma da\u011flar\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Atlas Okyanusu\u2019nu \u00e7evreleyecek bi\u00e7imde uzan\u0131rlar. Bas\u0131n\u00e7 etkisinin \u00e7ok ye\u011fin olmas\u0131 durumunda gen\u00e7 ve serle\u015fmemi\u015f olu\u015fumlar da k\u0131r\u0131lmalara yer verilebilir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin bat\u0131s\u0131ndaki k\u0131r\u0131k b\u00f6lgeleri ve Kuzey Anadolu \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc Hende\u011fi gibi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Bu hareketler dar zamanda, dar olaylar olarak belirir ve tabakalar\u0131n duru\u015funu bozarlar. Hareketler yatay ve dikey olmak \u00fczere iki y\u00f6nde geli\u015fir. Genellikle, yatay (tanjansiyal) hareketler k\u0131vr\u0131lma ve k\u0131vr\u0131m da\u011flar\u0131na, dikey hareketler de (radial) k\u0131vr\u0131lma ve k\u0131r\u0131k da\u011flar\u0131na yer verirler. Bununla birlikte, bu iki gurup aras\u0131nda kesin bir s\u0131n\u0131r \u00e7izmek olanaks\u0131zd\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, sert tabakalarda k\u0131r\u0131lma olurken, …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1403,1406],"tags":[2874,2876,2878,2877,2875],"class_list":["post-965","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-odevler","category-sosyal-bilgiler-odevleri","tag-dag-olusumu-orojenik-hareketleri","tag-epirojenik","tag-fay","tag-orojenik","tag-tektonik"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/965","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=965"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/965\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=965"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=965"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=965"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}